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Quantum Field theory breakthrough: First observation of vacuum decay bubblesby Sophie JenkinsLondon, UK (SPX) Jan 23, 2024In a significant development for quantum field theory, an international team of researchers, with theoretical support from Newcastle University, has observed a phenomenon known as 'false vacuum decay' for the first time. This experimental milestone, conducted in Italy and involving Newcastle scientists, offers vital insights into a process thought to be central to the creation of the universe.

Vacuum decay in quantum field theory describes a transition from a less stable state to a true stable state, typically through the creation of localized bubbles. Despite robust theoretical predictions about the frequency of this bubble formation, experimental evidence has remained elusive until now. This research, recently published in Nature Physics, demonstrates the formation of these bubbles in a controlled atomic environment, marking a crucial step in understanding quantum systems and their implications.

The experiment hinges on the use of a supercooled gas, chilled to a temperature less than a microkelvin, or one millionth of a degree, from absolute zero. In this extreme environment, researchers observed bubbles emerging as the vacuum decayed. Professor Ian Moss and Dr. Tom Billam from Newcastle University provided conclusive evidence that these bubbles result from thermally activated vacuum decay.

Professor Moss, specializing in Theoretical Cosmology, emphasized the significance of this discovery: "Vacuum decay is thought to play a central role in the creation of space, time, and matter in the Big Bang, but until now there has been no experimental test." This observation thus not only adds a new dimension to our understanding of quantum field theory but also potentially sheds light on the events that shaped the early universe.

Dr. Tom Billam, a Senior Lecturer in Applied Maths and Quantum, highlighted the broader implications of this research. "Using the power of ultracold atom experiments to simulate analogs of quantum physics in other systems - in this case, the early universe itself - is a very exciting area of research at the moment," he said. This reflects a growing trend in physics where experiments are increasingly able to simulate conditions analogous to those found in cosmological phenomena.

The research also opens new avenues for understanding ferromagnetic quantum phase transitions. These transitions are critical to our comprehension of the early universe and the fundamental forces that govern it. The experiment's success in demonstrating vacuum decay adds a new layer of understanding to this complex puzzle.

However, this groundbreaking experiment is just the beginning. The ultimate goal is to observe vacuum decay at absolute zero, where the process would be driven purely by quantum vacuum fluctuations. This endeavor is part of a national collaboration, QSimFP, involving an upcoming experiment in Cambridge, supported by Newcastle University.

The implications of this research extend far beyond the laboratory. In particle physics, for instance, vacuum decay of the Higgs boson - a particle integral to understanding mass - could dramatically alter the laws of physics. Such a scenario has been described as the 'ultimate ecological catastrophe,' illustrating the profound impact that vacuum decay could have on our understanding of the universe.

Research Report:False vacuum decay via bubble formation in ferromagnetic superfluids

Related LinksNewcastle UniversityUnderstanding Time and Space

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