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In a new FLEET theoretical study published recently in PhysicalReview Letters, the so called smoking gun in the search for the topological magnetic monopole also known as the Berry curvature has been found.

The discovery is a breakthrough in the search for topological effects in non-equilibrium systems.

The group, led by UNSW physicist and Associate Professor, Dimi Culcer, identified an unconventional Hall effect, driven by an in-plane magnetic field in semiconductor hole systems that can be traced exclusively to the Berry curvature.

Enhanced topological effects will permit low-energy topological electronics to be viable for large-scale, room-temperature operation, and therefore support the IEEE roadmap towards future electronics sustainability.

Isolating topological responses in regular conductors has been a historically difficult task, says research team leader A/Prof Dimi Culcer (UNSW). Even though these topological responses are believed to be ubiquitous in solids.

Quantized responses, such as the quantum Hall and quantum spin-Hall effects provide a clear fingerprint of topology, yet these have only been observed in one-dimensional (1D) systems and are intimately connected with the existence of edge states.

An experimental set-up for measuring conventional Hall effect with magnetic field perpendicular to the surface. Credit: FLEET

In `regular conductors, meaning 2D and 3D systems, plenty of theoretical literature exists predicting topological contributions to e.g. the anomalous Hall effect, but these have never been observed unambiguously in a transport measurement.

There are two main reasons for this: (i) spin-up and spin-down electrons usually make opposite contributions, and these nearly cancel out; (ii) whatever is left is overwhelmed by disorder.

The new FLEET paper remedies this long-standing shortcoming by identifying a two-dimensional system in which the Berry curvature, and only the Berry curvature, is responsible for the Hall signal linear in the applied in-plane magnetic field.

Remarkably, all disorder contributions vanish: we are not aware of any other multi-dimensional system in which this is true, says lead author, UNSW PhD student James Cullen. Its experimental measurement is accessible to any state-of-the-art laboratory worldwide, hence we expect strong interest from experimentalists.

The research team sought the tell-tale mathematical trace called Berry curvature, which can be understood if we think of the concept of parallel transport that appears routinely in geometry and general relativity.

Think of a vector as an arrow that we place somewhere on the surface of a solid object, explains Dimi. Now we move the arrow around, making sure it always points at the same angle to the surface this is in fact like a human being walking along the surface of the Earth. We eventually bring the arrow back to the starting point after it has circled around, and we find that, in general, it points in a different direction it has magically rotated through some angle. The size of this angle is determined by the curvature of the surface.

Hall conductivity response to magnetic field. Credit: FLEET

In quantum mechanics, instead of vectors we have wave functions, but we can describe the dynamics using the same picture, and the curvature is called the Berry curvature.

The angle of rotation is replaced by the famous Berry phase, named after the mathematical physicist Prof Sir Michael Berry, who formulated the problem in the 1980s. Later on, building on work by Nobel laureate David Thouless, Qian Niu of UT Austin showed that the Berry curvature behaves like the coveted magnetic monopolebut not in real space, rather in momentum space, which is the space most condensed-matter physicists think in.

The Berry curvature drives topological effects in out-of-equilibrium systems because when an electric field is applied an electron is accelerated, so its momentum changes. When this happens its wave function changes slowly, in the same way that the `arrow is rotated in parallel transport, and as a result of this gradual rotation a transverse (Hall) current is generated. The Onsager relations, which are fundamental to non-equilibrium physics, say that the Hall current does not dissipate energy. The extreme case is the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), a quantum effect key to the function of topological materials, in which edge currents can flow with effectively zero electrical resistance.

(Quantum describes step transition in the transverse (Hall) resistance ie, it varies in discrete steps rather than smoothlywhile anomalous refers to the phenomenons occurrence in the absence of any applied magnetic field.)

Researchers seek to enhance QAHE in order to protect topological behaviour at higher temperatures, allowing for topological electronics that would be viable for room-temperature operation.

The significant reduction in electrical resistance permitted by room temperature QAHE would allow us to significantly reduce the power consumption in electronic devices, says Dimi.

Reference: Generating a topological anomalous Hall effect in a non-magnetic conductor: an in-plane magnetic field as a direct probe of the Berry curvature by James H. Cullen, Pankaj Bhalla, E. Marcellina, A.R. Hamilton and Dimitrie Culcer, 21 June 2021, Physical Review Letters.DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.256601

As well as support from theAustralian Research Council(Centres of Excellence program) the authors acknowledge the support of the National Key Research and Development Program (China), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.

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