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Bitcoin: The Deep Breath Before The Plunge (BTC-USD) – Seeking Alpha

KanawatTH

In the Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King film, shortly before the battle of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Gandalf and Pippin were talking about the battle that was to come. Part of the title of this comes from Gandalf saying that moment of eerie silence was the, 'deep breath before the plunge' that would envelope Minas Tirith and threaten all of Middle Earth. This is a fairly common theme, as though a moment of calmness exists before chaos ensues. Another common phrase used outside of Tolkien's world is, 'the calm before the storm'.

This is the moment that I believe we are in when it comes to Bitcoin (BTC-USD). Those who follow my work closely know that I am incredibly bearish on cryptocurrency in general, but especially on Bitcoin. This is not to say that I don't believe it can't appreciate in price in the near term. It could double, triple, quadruple, or even more. But at some point, it deserves to fall spectacularly because, at the end of the day, Bitcoin has no significant value to it. This may seem to be a ridiculous claim given how it has taken the world by storm. But when you start looking at important data points, it does seem as though some of the delusion about the cryptocurrency's prospects is already coming undone.

The first data point that I would like to look at involving cryptocurrency relates to just how much trading activity it has experienced over the past few years. I understand that there was a surge several years ago and that we would expect some degree of normalization that would cause trading activity to drop before, if adoption is to grow in the long run, rise at a more reasonable rate. But that is not what we have seen. Take the time frame from the beginning of 2018 through September of this year. As you can see in the chart below, monthly trading activity for Bitcoin specifically has been falling on a year over year basis for at least five years now.

Author - Bitcoin City

In September of this year, for instance, trading activity for Bitcoin was 68.6% lower than it was the same month last year. Over the past two years, it is down a more modest 54.8%. But compared to three years ago, it has dropped 68.9% and, compared to five years ago, it is down a whopping 86.1%. The general trend here is clear. Trading activity is grinding to a halt. And no matter what you think of Bitcoin, it only gets its price because of the optimism of those trading it.

Author - Sifma

This is not the kind of trend that you see with a legitimate market. Take the US equities market as an example. While there have been ebbs and flows in the market from year to year the general trend has been higher. When it comes to the quantity of shares traded, 2022 saw an all-time high average daily trading volume of 11.87 billion shares. This represents an increase of 4.1% over the 2021 calendar year. It's also up 62.2% compared to 2018 and up 84.5% compared to what was seen in 2012. More recent data have shown a bit of weakness in the space. In September of this year, for instance, trading volume came in at 8.4% lower than it was the same time last year.

Author - Glassnode Studio

There are other data points besides trading activity that I can point to in order to make my argument. One valuable data point involves something called active addresses. An active address represents a user that has either sent or received cryptocurrency over a particular span of time. In the chart above, you can see monthly active addresses from 2020 through 2022, as well as for January of this year through August of this year. What we are seeing here is stagnation. This is not what you expect from a market that you would expect to continue growing. What this looks like to me is a pause where diehard adopters remain dedicated to cryptocurrency while the rest of the world refrains from engaging with it. So not only have we established that total trading volume has been on the decline, we have now established that the number of transactions occurring with cryptocurrency have essentially flatlined.

Another data point involves its popularity more generally. As you can see in the chart below, interest in Bitcoin specifically has plummeted in recent years. Globally, interest in it has been declining almost nonstop since peaking in May of 2021. Using this metric as a barometer, Bitcoin is 78% less popular than it was at its peak between January of 2018 and the present moment. While this data point on its own may not be material, when combined with the others that we have already discussed, we start to see a picture being painted that the dream of global Bitcoin adoption may never truly come.

Author - Google Trends

This marks a stark turn from a little over a year ago. Back in June of 2022, nearly 75% of retailers polled by Deloitte stated that they planned to accept either cryptocurrency or stablecoin payments within the next two years. In a separate survey conducted around that same time, it was discovered that 46% of merchants already accepted cryptocurrency as a form of payment and 85% of businesses that generated more than $1 billion in annual online sales already accepted cryptocurrency as well. While this data might very well be correct, you would expect the transaction volume of Bitcoin, as the leading cryptocurrency, to continue increasing as the number of cashless payments increased. However, that does not seem to be the case.

PricewaterhouseCoopers, or PwC for short, estimated that, in 2020, there were approximately 1.04 trillion cashless transactions across the globe. That number is expected to expand to 1.88 trillion by 2025 before climbing further to 3.03 trillion by 2030. This expected growth may make some believe that a return to growth in popularity for Bitcoin is inevitable. If we are expected to see cashless payments essentially triple in the span of a decade, you would expect to see the leading cryptocurrency also grow. But you have two challenges. For starters, you don't need cryptocurrency in order to engage in cashless payments. Traditional currencies work just as well and they lack the volatility that makes Bitcoin and, by extension, all cryptocurrencies other than stablecoins, bad mediums of exchange.

Perhaps more important than this, however, is the fact that central banks are becoming more interested by the day in launching their own digital currencies. At present, these are being referred to as Central Bank Digital Currencies (or CBDCs for short). The Federal Reserve has not committed to the idea of creating a CBDC, even going so far as to specify that such a maneuver would require Congressional approval. But there are plenty of other countries that have come out in favor of moving in the direction of digital currency. Back in May of 2020, 35 countries were reported to be considering the development of their own CBDC. Today, that number has grown to 130, representing approximately 98% of global GDP. Most of these are still in the early phases of due diligence or development. But it is clear the direction that we are heading. And unlike stablecoins, with no fewer than 23 having failed, a digital currency backed by a country like the US or other major countries would afford the kind of stability expected of a true currency.

At this point in time, things are not looking particularly pleasant for Bitcoin or cryptocurrency in general. I am bearish about both, but especially about Bitcoin. At the end of the day, I strongly believe that it will turn out to be worthless or very close to it. For now, volatility will persist. But when you look at the slate of challenges it has to contend with, the picture doesn't look pretty.

You would expect, in a world where cashless transactions are growing at a rapid clip, for either trading activity or active users to be growing. Neither of those are transpiring. Yes, you already have sizable adoption amongst online retailers. But that removes the argument that continued adoption on the side of accepting payments will lead to more individuals transacting in Bitcoin. Governments across the globe are either considering or have already launched programs to explore their own digital currencies. And because of the stability that they will be able to offer, any such currency that is launched will be vastly superior to something like Bitcoin.

When you add all of this together, it makes me feel as though we are at the point where Bitcoin no longer has enough support to it to continue appreciating materially. Before, the idea of the, 'greater fool' buying it, pushing up the price in doing so, was enough for many to justify putting money into it. After all, that was the only bullish case since there is little to no truly intrinsic value. But now that we are seeing these challenges emerge, even that argument is looking far less compelling. Though I do not expect it to occur overnight, and we may yet see significant volatility in its pricing, I would argue that an eventual plunge is inevitable. And as things stand, this might be the deep breath before it.

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Bitcoin case: SIT raids premises of 4 cops, 2 cyber experts – Times of India

Bengaluru: The Special Investigation Team (SIT) looking into Bitcoin laundering and other cases on Saturday raided nine locations, including the houses and offices of four police officers and two cyber experts. According to a statement from SIT, the officials seized four laptops, eight mobile phones, two network-attached storage (NAS) devices, 10 hard drives, five pen drives, a memory card, and other relevant documents. The SIT sleuths also questioned the four cops who were part of the investigation in the Bitcoin case involving hacker Srikrishna alias Sriki. According to sources, DySP Sridhar Poojar and inspectors Chandradhara, Lakshmikanthaiah, and Prashanth Babu were the raided policemen. SIT also conducted searches at the office of Babu in the technical cell in Adugodi. Raids and searches were also conducted on the residences and offices of two cyber experts Santosh Kumar KS, CEO of Group Cyber ID Technology in HSR Layout, and Gagan Jain B Satish, CEO and founder of CyberSafe in JP Nagar. The two experts are said to have assisted police in the Sriki hacking case probe, among others.Laptop missingSources said a laptop in which the officers are alleged to have created and deleted files was not found during the raids. The SIT investigating officer had given three notices each to the four police officers, asking them to provide the laptop, but they claimed the laptop wasnt with them.We also published the following articles recentlyDelhi Police raid NewsClick's office, journalistsThe Delhi Police Special Cell has conducted raids on over 30 locations linked to news website NewsClick in Delhi, Noida, and Ghaziabad. The raids targeted the residences of journalists and employees associated with the website. Electronic evidence including laptops, mobile phones, and data dumps from hard disks were confiscated. The Enforcement Directorate had previously conducted raids at the firm's premises investigating its funding sources. The raids were carried out based on inputs from the central agency, following a report implicating NewsClick in receiving financial support for the dissemination of Chinese propaganda.Delhi Police gave us no FIR, neither reveal offences: NewsClick on office raidsNewsClick has issued a statement condemning the recent raids conducted by the Delhi Police at its premises. The online news portal claims that it has not been provided with a copy of the FIR or informed about the specific charges against them. NewsClick also alleges that electronic devices were seized without due process, and its office has been sealed. The website further states that it has been targeted by various government agencies since 2021. The founder and HR head of NewsClick have been arrested and sent to police remand in a case related to allegations of receiving money for pro-China propaganda.Raid on NewsClick: Mumbai Police conducts searches at activist Teesta Setalvad's Juhu residenceDelhi Police's Special Cell conducted raids at 30 premises connected with online portal NewsClick and the houses of its journalists. The police also searched activist Teesta Setalvad's residence. Minister of Information and Broadcasting Anurag Thakur defended the police action, while opposition parties criticized it, alleging that the central government was targeting journalists. The BJP argued that the investigation was already underway and the police were acting within the law. The raids were conducted based on a case registered under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and other sections of the Indian Penal Code.

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AI Energy FUD Is The New Bitcoin Mining FUD: HIVE Digital – Decrypt

Although artificial intelligence has stolen much of cryptos shine within the global investment community and financial press, its emergence may have created a silver lining for Bitcoins public image.

Since OpenAIs ChatGPT rose to prominence late last year, AI appears to be absorbing the heat often directed at Bitcoin related to electricity consumption and environmental harm. According to Hive Digital Technologiesa firm with its feet planted in both industriessuch concerns will prove just as overblown for the former as it did for the latter.

We'll see apocalyptic predictions about AI's energy use fall flat, HIVE Research Director Adam Sharp told Decrypt on Monday. He cited Newsweeks 2017 prediction that Bitcoin would consume 100% of the worlds energy by 2020 as an example.This tech is very new, and efficiency will improve dramatically over coming years.

Both Bitcoin and AI require energy-intensive computer equipment to operate: the first to secure the blockchain that immortalizes each Bitcoin transaction, and the latter to process user queries and make other complete calculations.

Back in May, a Gizmodo article suggested that the cooling systems needed to support ChatGPTs AI amounts to dumping a large bottle of fresh water out on the ground for every average conversational exchange with the chatbot. Last week, CoinMetrics founder Nic Carter likened this measurement to flawed per transaction energy cost metrics often used to exaggerate Bitcoins power consumption.

These types of gotcha sound bites don't mean much, said Sharp. Large language models like ChatGPT have the potential to dramatically increase human productivity.

Though it has a longer history with Bitcoin mining, HIVE is now breaking into high-performance computing by leveraging its existing data centers and old Ethereum mining rigs for the job.

Like Bitcoin, he also said HPC providers are keen to seek out sources of renewable energy to power operations. For Bitcoin, a growing body of literature shows that over half of the industry may be powered by sustainable energy, making it one of the greenest industries on the planet.

That said, Bitcoin does retain a key advantage over AI regarding its compatibility with renewables energy and energy grids. Bitcoin is interruptible, meaning it can be quickly powered down when energy demand spikes, said Sharp. HPC is a little trickier, as you can't just shut down people's AI workloads.

Compared to Bitcoin mining, Sharp says HPC/AI/GPU-cloud services are far more profitable per unit of energy.When asked whether AIs growth might lower Bitcoins hash rate as miners change business models to accommodate the industry, the researcher noted that its possible. However, limits on the supply of NVIDIA GPUs available and the time needed to transition business models will likely limit how fast Bitcoins network security can drop.

I don't think we have to worry about hashrate dropping to dangerous levels, he said. Right now there's probably too much hashrate operating, and even more coming online.

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How AI and the Metaverse will Impact the Datasphere – Visual Capitalist

How AI and the Metaverse Will Impact the Datasphere

The dataspherethe infrastructure that stores and processes our datais critical to many of the advanced technologies on which we rely.

So we partnered with HIVE Digital on this infographic to take a deep dive on how it could evolve to meet the twin challenges of AI and the metaverse.

If the second decade of the 21st century is remembered for anything, it will probably be the leaps and bounds made in the field of AI. Large language models (LLMs) have pushed AI performance to near-human levels, and in some cases beyond. But to get there, it is taking more and more computational resources to train and operate them.

The Large-Scale Era is often considered to have started in late 2015 with the release of DeepMinds AlphaGo Fan, the first computer to defeat a professional Go player.

That LLM required a training compute of 380 quintillion FLOP/s, or floating-point operations per second, a measure of computer performance. In 2023, OpenAIs GPT-4 had a training compute 55 thousand times greater, at 21 septillion FLOP/s.

At this rate of growthessentially doubling every 9.9 monthsfuture AI systems will need exponentially larger computers to train and operate them.

The metaverse, an immersive and frictionless web accessed through augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR), will only add to these demands. One way to quantify this demand is to compare bitrates across applications, which measures the amount of data (i.e. bits) transmitted.

On the low end: music streaming, web browsing, and gaming all have relatively low bitrate requirements. Only streaming gaming breaks the one Mbps (megabits per second) threshold. Things go up from there, and fast. AR, VR, and holograms, all technologies that will be integral for the metaverse, top out at 300 Mbps.

Consider also that VR and AR require incredibly low latencyless than five millisecondsto avoid motion sickness. So not only will the metaverse contribute increase the amount of data that needs to be moved644 GB per household per daybut it will also need to move it very quickly.

At time of writing there are 5,065 data centers worldwide, with 39.0% located in the U.S. The next largest national player is the UK, with only 5.5%. Not only do they store the data we produce, but they also run the applications that we rely on. And they are evolving.

There are two broad approaches that data centers are taking to get ahead of the demand curve. The first and probably most obvious option is going BIG. The worlds three largest hyperscale data centers are:

The other route is to go small, but closer to where the action is. And this is what edge computing does, decentralizing the data center in order to improve latency. This approach will likely play a big part in the rollout of self-driving vehicles, where safety depends on speed.

And investors are putting their money behind the idea. Global spending on edge data centers is expected to hit $208 billion in 2023, up 13.1% from 2022.

The International Data Corporation projects that the amount of data produced annually will grow to 221 zettabytes by 2026, at a compound annual growth rate of 21.2%. With the zettabyte era nearly upon us, data centers will have a critical role to play.

Learn more about how HIVE Digital exports renewably sourced computing power to customers all over the world, helping to meet the demands of emerging technologies like AI.

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How AI and the Metaverse will Impact the Datasphere - Visual Capitalist

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How AI and ML Can Drive Sustainable Revenue Growth by Waleed … – Digital Journal

PRESS RELEASE

Published October 6, 2023

The impact of AI and ML on modern business environments is more than fascinating; it's critical in today's hyper-connected world. While AI and ML have far-reaching practical applications, their greatest disruptive influence may be in business revenue. In this piece, I'll break out why artificial intelligence and machine learning aren't just "nice to have" but a "must have" for any company serious about long-term success.

The Importance of AI and ML in Generating Revenue

In today's data-driven and rapidly evolving environment, tried and true money-generation techniques are no longer sufficient. McKinsey reports that companies using AI in their operations boost revenue by 20% and save expenses by 30%.ChatGPT, GitHub Copilot, Stable Diffusion, and other generative AI applications have captivated global interest due to their widespread accessibility and user-friendly interfaces.

Unlike AlphaGo, which had a more specialized focus, these tools offer almost anyone the ability to communicate, create, and engage in uncanny discussions with a user. It's not merely a wave of the future; it's today's currency.

Practical Applications of AI and ML in Revenue Generation

Several revenue-generating uses for AI and ML exist:

These features may be added to your company model incrementally over time rather than all at once.

Challenges to Adoption and Solutions

The apparent complexity of the technology, concerns over data privacy, and the early expense of deployment are the most prevalent obstacles to AI/ML adoption. Based on my expertise in Turn-Key Design and Systems Integration, I would suggest a staged adoption, beginning with smaller projects to show rapid wins and ROI. In addition, working with other IT companies helps soften the change and save startup expenses.

Increasing Productivity While Lowering Expenses

AI/ML is a tool for improving the efficiency of an organization in addition to helping it make more money. With machine learning, everyday tasks are taken care of by computers. This frees up people to work on more complicated tasks and reduces technical debt. The production can also benefit from AI's ability to simplify back-end activities.

Tendencies and Prospects for the Future

The mutually beneficial connection between AI and ML and their earning potential will deepen as technology advances. Companies that don't change with the times will likely fail in today's fiercely competitive economy.

Final Thoughts

No company that wants to expand its income in a scalable and sustainable way can afford to ignore artificial intelligence and machine learning. It's not a matter of 'if,' but 'when,' AI/ML will become essential to your company's operations.

Who is Waleed Nasir?

Throughout his career, visionary builder and technology specialist Waleed Nasir has launched over a hundred platforms and led countless system deployments and workflow integrations. Dr. Waleed has extensive technical expertise in AI and ML and practical experience building and expanding technology companies. Notable examples of his work include the COVID-19 Crisis Management System, the Paycheck Protection Plan's Programmatic Loan Forgiveness System, and the Emergency Rent Relief Administration System. His wide-ranging skillset includes not just Turn-Key Design but also Process Automation and High-Performance Infrastructure, making him an industry leader in areas beyond only technological innovation. Currently, Dr. Waleed is working with Qult Technologies as the CPO, leading the company to new fronts.

Additional Resources

For those interested in diving deeper into this subject, I recommend:

Media ContactCompany Name: qult.aiContact Person: Hassan Tariq MalikEmail: Send EmailCountry: United KingdomWebsite: https://www.qult.ai/about-us/

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The better the AI gets, the harder it is to ignore – BSA bureau

Hong Kong based Insilico Medicine, a pioneer in AI-based drug discovery, has made significant strides in recent years. Two of their candidates have reached clinical trials, with INS018-055 leading the pack as the first AI-discovered drug designed by generative AI to enter phase 2 clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Back in 2014, when the company began, AI for drug discovery was relatively unheard of, but now it's an indispensable part of the drug discovery process. Insilico's partnerships with major pharmaceutical firms like Janssen underscore the growing importance of AI in this field. Dr Alex Zhavoronkov, Founder and CEO of Insilico Medicine, sheds light on the industry's evolving response to AI in drug discovery, partnerships, regulatory reforms etc. and also shares the company's future plans.

Insilico Medicine has garnered attention for its innovative utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery. Could you provide insights into how the industry's response to AI-based drug discovery has evolved since your inception in 2014?

In the early days, when I presented at conferences on how generative AI technology could be applied to chemistry, there was a lot of scepticism. I had discovered through my research that generative adversarial networks (GANs) combined with deep reinforcement learning (the same AI learning strategy used in AlphaGo) could generate novel molecules that could be used to treat disease. Since that time, AI drug discovery has undergone enormous acceleration, fueled both by advances in AI technology and in massive stores of data. While there are still no AI-designed drugs on the market, there are a number of companies with these drugs in advanced clinical trials, including our own lead drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the drug with an AI-discovered target and designed by generative AI now in Phase II trials with patients.

Although the pharma industry has moved cautiously, the inherent risks in drug discovery (99 per cent of the drugs fail in the early discovery phase and 90 per cent of the drugs fail in clinical trials) and the validation of AI developed drugs to reach advanced trials, means that pharma companies are more actively pursuing partnerships and developing their own internal AI programmes. We have major partnerships with Exelixis, Sanofi and Fosun Pharma to develop new therapies, for instance.

Recently, your two candidates INS018_055, ISM8207 have entered phase II and phase I respectively. Can you share the significance of reaching these stages in the drug development process, and what key milestones do you hope to achieve during these trials?

To our knowledge, Insilicos lead drug for IPF INS018-055 - is the first drug for an AI-discovered target and designed by generative AI to reach Phase 2 clinical trials with patients.

AI was used in every stage of the process. Insilico Medicine used its AI target-discovery engine, https://insilico.com/pandaomics, to process large amounts of data including omics data samples, compounds and biologics, patents, grants, clinical trials, and publications to discover a new target (called Target X) relevant for a broad range of fibrosis indications. We then used this newly discovered target as the basis for the design of a potentially first-in-class novel small molecule inhibitor using its generative AI drug design platform, Chemistry42.

Insilicos molecule INS018_055 - demonstrated highly promising results in multiple preclinical studies including in vitro biological studies, pharmacokinetic, and safety studies. The compound improved myofibroblast activation, a contributor to the development of fibrosis, with a novel mechanism and was shown to have potential relevance in a broad range of fibrotic indications, not just IPF.

The current phase II study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of 12-week oral INS018_055 dosage in subjects with IPF divided into 4 parallel cohorts. To further evaluate the candidate in wider populations, the company plans to recruit 60 subjects with IPF at about 40 sites in both the US and China.

If our phase IIa study is successful, the drug will then go to phase IIb with a larger cohort. This is also the stage where our primary objective would be to determine whether there is significant response to the drug. The drug will go on to be evaluated in a much larger group of patients typically hundreds in phase III studies to confirm safety and effectiveness before it can be approved by the FDA as a new treatment for patients with that condition. We expect to have results from the current phase II trials next year.

Advancing ISM8207 is also significant both because it is the first clinical milestone reached in our partnership with Fosun, and also because it is the first of our cancer drugs to advance to the clinic, and cancer represents the largest disease category in Insilicos pipeline. This drug is a novel QPCTL inhibitor, designed to treat advanced malignant tumours, and works by blocking the tumour cells dont eat me signal. We entered into phase I clinical trials to assess the drugs safety in healthy volunteers in July 2023.

You have had quite successful partnerships with Exelixis, Fosun etc. Can you provide insights into Insilicos approach to forming strategic partnerships? How do you approach deal making?

We have the advantage of being able to produce and advance new, high quality small molecules that have been optimised to treat diseases much more quickly than traditional drug discovery methods. Thats because our generative AI system can optimise across 30 parameters at once based on desired criteria when generating molecules, rather than the traditional method of screening libraries to find a potential compound, and then working to optimise it for each desired property in a linear fashion. As we speed up the drug discovery process on these high-quality molecules we now have 31 in our pipeline we look to find partners who have specific disease expertise and clinical experience to advance these molecules into later stage clinical studies, and, we hope, to market where they can begin helping patients.

Our most recent partnership with Exelixis is a perfect example. We just announced an exclusive global licence agreement with Exelixis with $80 million upfront granting Exelixis the right to develop and commercialise ISM3091, an AI designed cancer drug and potentially best-in-class small molecule inhibitor of USP1 that received IND approval from the FDA in April 2023. This company is expert in cancer and cancer drug development and discovery, and has an expert drug hunting team. Because its an extremely innovative company, they already have substantial revenue coming from best-in-class cancer therapeutics and they are strengthening this pipeline and making bets on innovative cancer drugs.

If we were to look at one of your AI-designed drugs versus a traditionally designed drug candidate, is there a telltale signature?

Our AI-designed drugs will often have a novel structure or work via a novel mechanism compared to existing drugs. By optimising across these 30 different parameters to design molecules with just the right structure and properties to provide the best likelihood of treatment without toxicity and minimal side effects, we are essentially designing ideal new drug-like molecules from scratch. There may be other drugs that are designed to act on those same targets, but ours are optimised through structure or mechanism to be most efficacious, first-in-class, or best-in-class.

Until recently perhaps, big pharma was somewhat sceptical or resistant to AI. What has been responsible for this growing appetite to embrace AI as a fundamental part of the drug discovery process?

There are a number of reasons pharma is now embracing AI. Traditional drug discovery is an incredibly slow and expensive process that fails in clinical trials 90 per cent of the time. AI improves all three of those roadblocks improving speed, lowering cost, and optimising molecules to have the greatest likelihood of clinical trial success. Our AI engine known as PandaOmics can sift through trillions of data points quickly to identify new targets for disease that humans might not find. Then, our generative AI Chemistry42 platform can design brand-new molecules that are optimised to interact with those targets without causing adverse effects, scoring them based on which are likely to work the best. Finally, using our InClinico tool, we can predict how these drugs will likely fare in clinical trials to reduce the time and money lost on failed trials.

There is also now significant validation that this method of developing new drugs is producing very high quality new drugs for hard-to-treat diseases and even diseases that were considered undruggable. And a number of these AI-designed drugs are now in later stage clinical trials.

Finally, the technology is itself progressing and improving with additional use and data via reinforcement learning and expert human feedback. The better the AI gets, the harder it is to ignore.

How sceptical are regulatory bodies towards AI-driven drug discovery? How are regulations evolving to support such developments?

Data privacy and protection are critical to any businesses utilising AI, as is compliance with all international laws and regulations. I expect that these measures will become more stringent in coming years and they are essential to building and maintaining public trust. Insilico Medicine uses only publicly available data and employs privacy by design and by default. We facilitate security of our systems by thorough security analysis on each phase of development. All Insilico data hubs are contained in Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure cloud.

In addition, there are several checks and balances in place to ensure continuous data integrity, protection and privacy. For example, clients data is not used in any internal environments of the platform, and a firewall is separated for the clients access to the platform versus everyone elses access. All data is encrypted, and data privacy is managed according to Insilico Medicines privacy policy.

What does the future hold for Insilico over the next few years?

Were eager to see our clinical stage programmes progress, and the continued advancement of our lead drug for IPF. Its a terrible, chronic condition with a very poor prognosis and patients are in desperate need of new treatment options.

I also hope that our latest deal with Exelixis marks a trend of pharma companies partnering earlier in the drug development process with highly optimised AI-designed molecules as we continue to expand our pipeline, so that we can truly accelerate the process of delivering new treatments to patients in need.

We will also continue to expand the capabilities of our end-to-end generative AI platform, through new data, reinforcement learning, and expert human feedback; and augment those capabilities with our AI-powered robotics lab as well as incorporating the latest technological tools into our platform, including AlphaFold and quantum computing both of which weve published papers on.

Ayesha Siddiqui

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Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Revolution: Advanced Smart Contract … – The Coin Republic

Over the past few years, there has been a notable global trend towards decentralization within the financial industry, and the evolution and widespread acceptance of smart contracts primarily propel this transformation. These digital agreements are designed to be self-executing, with the contractual terms encoded directly into lines of code. They bring forth a multitude of functionalities that one will explore in detail, shedding light on their pivotal role in fostering the emergence of decentralized finance (DeFi).

The DeFi landscape, despite its immense potential and rapid growth, has its challenges. One significant concern revolves around the vulnerabilities that some protocols may harbor. The following are five common vulnerabilities often identified within DeFi protocols:

Particularly relevant for liquidity providers in Automated Market Makers (AMMs), impermanent loss occurs when the price of a cryptocurrency changes compared to when it was deposited into the pool. This can lead to liquidity providers receiving less from the pool than if they had just held the tokens, especially in highly volatile markets.

These are relatively new types of attacks exploiting the uncollateralized loan nature of flash loans. Attackers borrow funds, manipulate market prices to their advantage, and repay the loan, often netting a profit, all within a single transaction block.

Some DeFi projects maintain centralized control through administrative keys that can change contract parameters. If these keys fall into the wrong hands or are maliciously utilized by the project team, they can pose significant risks, including draining funds from the protocol.

DeFi protocols rely on external price oracles for data. Vulnerabilities arise when attackers manipulate these oracles to feed inaccurate data into the system, leading to erroneous contract behaviors that can be exploited for profit.

In a public blockchain, pending transactions are visible in the mempool. Opportunists can view lucrative trades and jump ahead by paying a higher gas fee, a practice known as front-running. This can lead to traders getting less favorable rates than anticipated.

In light of these vulnerabilities, participants in the DeFi space must exercise caution. Users must be well-informed, and developers and protocol architects must prioritize security and continuous audits to protect and bolster the integrity of the DeFi ecosystem.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has been making waves in the financial sector, largely due to the capabilities of smart contracts. Here are some of the advanced features of smart contracts that are fueling the DeFi revolution:

Smart contracts in DeFi allow for custom logic, meaning they can automatically execute transactions when certain pre-set conditions are met, ensuring trustless operations.

Advanced smart contracts can seamlessly interact with multiple protocols, applications, or platforms, allowing for a more integrated and cohesive DeFi ecosystem.

Some modern smart contracts can be updated to incorporate new functionalities or fix potential issues, ensuring they remain relevant and secure over time.

Certain DeFi protocols have implemented multisign contracts for added security. These require multiple signatures before executing a transaction, adding a layer of protection.

Through smart contracts, protocols can ensure liquidity is automatically balanced or adjusted based on market conditions, benefiting both lenders and borrowers.

Integrating off-chain data into the blockchain was a challenge, but advancements in smart contract technology have allowed for decentralized oracles. These provide real-world data for smart contracts, expanding their use cases.

To improve scalability and transaction speeds, advanced smart contracts incorporate layer-2 solutions, such as rollups, ensuring the DeFi ecosystem can handle larger transaction volumes.

Smart contracts in DeFi now often include governance protocols. This allows token holders to propose, vote, and implement changes to the protocol, promoting decentralization and community involvement.

Smart contracts have enhanced features for managing collateral on DeFi lending platforms. They can adjust collateral requirements based on market volatility, protecting lenders and borrowers.

With privacy being a concern in decentralized platforms, advanced smart contracts are now incorporating zero-knowledge proofs and other technologies to ensure transaction details remain confidential.

The DeFi ecosystem is continuously evolving, and these advancements in smart contract features play a pivotal role. These enhancements bolster security and efficiency and expand the possibilities of what decentralized platforms can achieve.

The increasing adoption and reliance on smart contracts in the decentralized sector necessitate robust security measures. Lets explore five key security considerations that are paramount for advanced smart contracts:

One of the most common vulnerabilities is reentrancy attacks, which occur when external calls from a contract can be hijacked, allowing attackers to withdraw funds repeatedly. Developers must implement checks and ensure state changes occur before payouts, effectively mitigating this risk.

Arithmetic operations can sometimes result in values exceeding the maximum limit (overflow) or dropping below the minimum limit (underflow). To prevent these bugs, contracts should utilize libraries or functions that detect and handle such scenarios, ensuring mathematical integrity.

Every operation in a smart contract consumes gas. If a contract requires excessive gas, it may become stuck and fail to execute. Developers must be mindful of gas consumption and optimize their code for efficiency, ensuring that contracts run smoothly without exhausting gas limits.

Smart contracts often rely on external data feeds, known as oracles. However, these can be manipulated, leading to inaccurate data input. Using trusted, decentralized oracles and implementing multiple data sources to verify and cross-reference information is essential.

Unauthorized access to specific contract functions can result in loss of funds or unintended behavior. Implementing strict permission structures, ensuring only authorized addresses can invoke sensitive functions, and employing multi-signature approvals can fortify contracts against unwanted intrusions.

While smart contracts herald a new age of trustless transactions and automation, their security remains paramount. Addressing these considerations ensures not only the protection of assets but also the integrity and credibility of the entire decentralized ecosystem.

The rapid advancement of smart contracts and the consequential rise of DeFi signal a transformative era in finance. The democratization, increased accessibility, and innovative features they bring undeniably reshape how one perceives and interacts with money. While challenges around security need addressing, the potential for a more inclusive and efficient financial system is undeniable.

As one looks towards the future, its essential to remember that DeFi, much like any burgeoning industry, is in its nascent stages. However, with the foundation its building today, the skys the limit for what DeFi might achieve tomorrow.

Steve Anderson is an Australian crypto enthusiast. He is a specialist in management and trading for over 5 years. Steve has worked as a crypto trader, he loves learning about decentralisation, understanding the true potential of the blockchain.

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Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Revolution: Advanced Smart Contract ... - The Coin Republic

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The Future of Decentralized Finance – The Bay Citizen

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has engulfed the financial world. It is seeping into global economies due to its core functionality and how it is power-driven and based on blockchain technology a decentralized, distributed, and open digital ledger that is used to track transactions across several computers in a way that prevents changes to the record from being made in retrospect without also changing all following blocks and obtaining network consensus. Below, we will delve deeper into the current state of DeFi and discuss how it can potentially disrupt finance systems in the traditional sector. Furthermore, we will explore and highlight the challenges of DeFi and what needs to be done to overcome these challenges and gain widespread adoption. Join us as we uncover the future of decentralized finance.

DeFi, which stands for decentralized finance, is a catch-all name for apps and projects in the public blockchain environment aimed at upending the established financial sector. DeFi refers to financial apps created with smart contracts and based on blockchain technology. Smart contracts are automated, legally binding contracts that can be executed without the assistance of a third party. Anyone with an internet connection can use them to conduct financial transactions and carry out various other tasks.

DeFi comprises peer-to-peer protocols and apps created on decentralized blockchain networks without access rights. Financial tools can be easily lent, borrowed, or traded using decentralized apps (dApps). The Ethereum network is used to build the majority of DeFi apps today. Still, several new open networks are gaining popularity because of their greater speed, scalability, security, and affordability.

Looking at history, financial systems in the traditional sector have been for the lifecycle of money, leading to various fiat currencies emerging and having those currencies led and guarded by central authorities (governments) and other intermediaries. In all honesty, it is important that we express the truth and reality of what we have experienced and continue to experience with centralized currencies that are not only politically affiliated but make the richer even richer and expand the already large gap between the rich and poor as the poor are becoming even poorer.

Looking at global economies today, many people across different financial classes struggle. Furthermore, due to the structures that exist across different sectors and institutions and the way things have generally been set up for years, those across different financial classes, specifically the middle and lower classes, are struggling, leading to an ongoing cycle of people being either not making enough, drowning in debts, being on the verge of poverty and others struggling to make it out of poverty, while the richer become even richer.

DeFi was designed as an alternative and a solution that would help to minimize the need for reliance on and faith in a centralized authority while creating a financial system that is accessible to everyone.

It is important to note that DeFi is a relatively new but growing concept. Some claim that the beginning of DeFi occurred in 2009 with the introduction of Bitcoin, the first peer-to-peer (p2p) digital asset constructed on top of the blockchain network, making it feasible to foresee a change in the established financial sector. Blockchain technology has become a crucial next step in decentralizing antiquated financial institutions. It was all made feasible by introducing Ethereum in 2015 and, more precisely, smart contracts. The Ethereum network is a second-generation blockchain that fully exploits this technologys promise in the financial sector. It supported companies and organizations in creating and implementing the projects that made up the DeFi ecosystem.

A decentralized finance and digital asset educational specialist at Bitai Method mentions that DeFi has opened up numerous possibilities for building a reliable and open financial system that is not under the authority of a single institution. In 2017, initiatives turned a corner and expanded beyond simple money transfers. DeFi has since developed into a fully functional ecosystem with functional applications and protocols that benefit millions. As of April 2022, DeFi ecosystems contained assets worth approximately $239 billion, making it one of the public blockchain spaces fastest-growing subsectors. In 2022, the market for decentralized finance was estimated to be worth USD 13.61 billion. From 2023 to 2030, it is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 46.0%.

As seen above, it is evident that DeFi has had quite a growth in traction over the past few years that has greatly influenced and revolutionized traditional financial markets. This is evident through the numerous DeFi platforms that offer permissionless access to financial services, inherently transforming how we deal with money, especially regarding transactions, lending, investments, and borrowing.

As mentioned above, one of the core foundations and pillars of DeFi is the concept of smart contracts blockchain-based programs that function and execute when specific criteria are met. They are often used to automate the implementation of an agreement so that all parties can be sure of the conclusion immediately. In more straightforward and more practical terms, smart contracts as legally binding contracts help to eliminate the need for a central authority and intermediaries, including banks and brokers, further eliminating any delay, rejection, or bias from central authorities and middlemen. Smart contracts further make finance access more accessible and less complex. All of the aforementioned provide users with greater control and autonomy over their assets and reduce reliance on central authorities this further promotes and perpetuates greater financial autonomy.

For obvious reasons, DeFi apps are booming and seeping into different industries. Weve got decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that let people trade directly with each other without the need for a middleman. Its all about liquidity and giving users many choices regarding trading tokens. Then, there are lending and borrowing protocols that let users lend out their stuff to earn interest or borrow assets by using what they already have as collateral. And lastly, there is yield farming! Which is all about making the most of your returns using different DeFi platforms, usually by providing liquidity or staking your tokens.

DeFi poses a threat as it has enormous potential to disrupt and dismantle global financial systems and economies in multiple ways; this includes the significant threat of potentially replacing banks. Looking at the record of the crypto-verse and the technology that supports it, we can assume that as a wealth vault, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account, DeFi might easily replace cash. By offering quicker transactions, higher security, reduced fees, and smart contracts, decentralized blockchain-based systems can take the position of banks. Through DeFi, we may lend and borrow money, raise money for initiatives, and transfer money. Those above are just the beginning, too, as many investors and enthusiasts believe that traditional banking and finance might soon be replaced by a decentralized economy that is more effective and scalable.

One of the biggest advantages of DeFi is that it gives unbanked or underbanked people a chance to access financial services without relying on traditional gatekeepers. This inclusivity has the potential to bridge the global wealth gap and help people become more financially independent.

Unfortunately, traditional financial systems often exclude people who dont have easy access to banking services due to high transaction fees, lack of identification, or geographic limitations. But with DeFi, anyone with an internet connection can participate in the global financial ecosystem. This is especially impactful in developing countries where traditional banking infrastructure is limited.

Another great thing about DeFi is that it can improve transparency and security in financial transactions. Using blockchains immutability, DeFi platforms can ensure tamper-proof records and real-time auditing. Traditional financial systems are often opaque and centralized, which can lead to fraud and manipulation. With DeFi, participants can trust that their transactions are secure and that theres less need for intermediaries.

Finally, DeFi enables decentralized governance models where stakeholders have a say in decision-making processes. This shift towards community-driven governance challenges the centralized control of traditional financial institutions and promotes a more democratic and equitable system. With voting mechanisms and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), participants can actively shape the future of DeFi platforms and ensure that they align with community interests.

Although DeFi has a promising future, it is imperative to remember that it is a relatively new and growing concept with numerous hurdles and challenges that must be addressed throughout the development process. One of the main concerns we can note is scalability. Although DeFi is scalable, it also has shortcomings, specifically regarding network congestion and high transaction fees, which have become prevalent issues resulting from DeFi gaining momentum and growing in popularity.

To delve deeper into this, the Ethereum Network, which holds many DeFi applications, must work on scalability limitations. However, solutions have been introduced in the form of blockchain interoperability and Layer 2 protocols Blockchain Layer 2 solutions are protocols that run on top of a Layer 1 blockchain (such as Bitcoin or Ethereum) to enhance the underlying blockchains scalability, privacy, and other properties. The most popular options are state channels, sidechains, optimistic Rollups, and zero knowledge Rollups. All those mentioned above are actively being explored to address the challenges and ensure a functional and seamless user experience.

Additionally, regulatory frameworks are another aspect that poses a significant hurdle to DeFis widespread acceptance and adoption. As it stands, no global regulatory framework or policy governs or regulates the digital asset industry. The regulation of cryptocurrencies and decentralized systems is a tough issue for governments worldwide, and it has become more difficult to strike a balance between investor protection and innovation. To create a regulatory environment that encourages innovation while defending the interests of users, cooperation between industry participants, lawmakers, and regulators is essential.

Moreover, the user experience of DeFi platforms can be quite complex and hard to learn, especially for those just learning about digital currencies and everything related to the sector. Therefore, this complexity and steep learning curve create limited accessibility for newcomers.

For those who need to become more familiar with blockchain technology, the difficulties of connecting with wallets, managing private keys, and comprehending the subtleties of many protocols can be overwhelming. To promote widespread adoption, user interfaces can be made simpler, educational resources can be improved, and smooth onboarding procedures can be offered.

DeFi is transforming finance, enhancing transparency, inclusivity, and democracy. It has the potential to replace traditional systems, empowering individuals, strengthening security, and reinventing governance. While challenges exist, solutions are emerging. Collaboration among DeFi projects, industry players, and regulators is crucial for safe and accessible DeFi. Intuitive user experiences and educational resources can broaden access. Embracing innovation and overcoming hurdles will reshape finance, unlocking possibilities globally. Staying informed, adapting to change, and advocating for an open and accessible financial system are vital for the future.

Byline: Hannah Parker

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The Future of Decentralized Finance - The Bay Citizen

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Integrate Ordinals with smart contracts on Bitcoin: Part 4 – CoinGeek

This post was first published on Medium. Read Part 1 here, Part 2 here, and Part 3 here.

Control Distribution of BSV-20 Tokens

In our last article, we have shown smart contracts can control transfers ofBSV-20tokens after minting. Today, we demonstrate how to control distribution/issuance of such tokens.

Tickerless mode

BSV-20 introduces atickerlessmode in V2 and takes a different approach from V1.

DeployTo deployand minta token with a supply of 21000000, you inscribe the following JSON (ContentType: application/bsv-20):

Note, unlike V1, there is no designatedtickfield (thustickerless).

Issue

To issue 10000 tokens above, you create a transfer inscription with the following JSON.

Instead of a ticker, a token is identified by anidfield, made of the transaction ID and output index where the token was deployed, formatted as_.

Also the first issuance transaction must spend from deployment transaction since the whole supply is minted at once, while minting transaction does not spend from it and they are separate in V1. That means every transaction of a token can traceback to that tokens genesis deployment, and each is in a DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) rooted at genesis transaction. This allows BSV-20 indexer to scale more efficiently since it does not have to scan the entire blockchain and order minting transactions, to enforce first is firstminting.

For more details on how BSV-20 token V2 works, please read theofficial documentation.

Fair launch

A notable characteristic of BSV- 20 V1 tokens is fair launch, contrasting with ERC-20 tokens. Specifically, once someone deploys a transaction of the tokens on BSV-20, everyone has the same chance to claim the tokens. Issuers cannot reserve a portion for free, i.e., there is no pre-mine.

If a tokens total supply is minted at once when deployed in V2 tickerless mode, is it possible to maintain fair launch?

The answer is yes.Instead of locking the whole supply in a standard issuer address (P2PKH script) when deployed, we lock it into a smart contract.The smart contract can be called by anyone and any distribution policy can be enforced in it.

In the diagram above, each box represents a token UTXO and stacked UTXOs are in the same transaction. The second transaction spends the UTXO of the first deployment transaction, indicated by the first arrow, and creates two UTXOs:

The chain of transactions goes on till the whole token supply is issued. Note the contract can be called by anyone.

We list a few policies as examples.

Rate limit

Under this policy, anyone can claim tokens as long as it is more than, say, 5 minutes away from the last claim. Contract is listed below.

Contract

Line 612 enforce rate limiting. Line 2630 ensure supply is not exceeded. If yes, Line 3852 create an output containing the same contract but with updated state: remaining supply. Line 5558 issue tokens to a destination address.

mini PoW

The policy ensures anyone can claim tokens, as long as she finds a nonce meeting some specified difficulty requirement, as in Bitcoins Proof of Work (PoW).

Credit: David Case

ICO

A policy can be implemented so that anyone can receive tokens by sending bitcoin to a specific address in a trustless way, similar to an initial coin offering (ICO). In the diagram above, a third output is added for bitcoin payment, which is validated in a contract.

Watch The Bitcoin Masterclasses #3 Day 2 Afternoon Session: Accounting and mapping transaction on-chain

New to blockchain? Check out CoinGeeks Blockchain for Beginners section, the ultimate resource guide to learn more about blockchain technology.

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Integrate Ordinals with smart contracts on Bitcoin: Part 4 - CoinGeek

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POL Smart Contracts Deployed On Testnet: Here’s Why It Is Super-Important For Polygon – Bitcoinist

In a tweet on October 4, Sandeep Nailwail, the co-founder of Polygon,revealed that POL Contracts have been deployed on the Goerli testnet, describing the release as a significant step on their journey of creating Polygon 2.0. The deployment of these smart contracts also saw the release of two Polygon Improvement Proposals (PIPs), PIP-24 and PIP-25.

According to Polygon Labs, thefunctioning of the two PIPs can impact how smart contracts responsible for burning MATIC tokens work. The contracts were formed in line with specifications stated under Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP)-1559.

EIP-1559, initially implemented on Ethereum in August 2021, overhauled how the pioneer smart contract platform calculates gas fees. Specifically, the proposal addressed the skyrocketing gas fees caused by network congestion.

With lower gas fees and congestion levels, the networks efficiency, Ethereum developers said, would be significantly enhanced. While its implementation was successful, Ethereum gas fees remain the highest in the industry mainly because the platform anchors decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible token (NFT) operations.

On Polygon, EIP-1559 is crucial in burning MATIC collected from the base fee paid when users send transactions or deploy smart contracts.

According to Polygon, since the implementation of the EIP-1559, the proof-of-stake (PoS) network has burned over 20 million MATIC, gradually reducing the circulating supply. Under PIP-24, the community proposes an update to the EIP-1599 burn mechanism, including modifications to the recipient address.

This modification will be essential in implementing Phase 0 of Polygon 2.0. On the other hand, PIP-25 will be critical in transition. The proposal outlines how to properly redeem MATIC to POL in a 1:1 ratio, stabilizing the broader Polygon ecosystem.

Polygon 2.0 is an upgrade of Polygon that focuses primarily on further enhancing scalability, emphasizing security and user-friendliness. With this upgrade, Polygon plans to integrate zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs, a technique that improves transaction privacy.

Polygon Labs is already channeling efforts toenhanceits Polygon zkEVM solution. The layer-2 roll-up solution uses ZK proofs so that deploying dapps can process transactions cheaply and in a more private environment while benefiting from the security of the Ethereum mainnet.

Beyond ZK proofs, Polygon 2.0 will adopt a new architecture, shards. Through shards, the network can process transactions in parallel, boosting throughput. With higher scalability, the network would handle more intensive dapps and sustainably grow its user base.

Feature image from Canva, chart from TradingView

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POL Smart Contracts Deployed On Testnet: Here's Why It Is Super-Important For Polygon - Bitcoinist

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