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The quantum world is one of mystery, perhaps best summed up by Albert Einstein who said quantum entanglement was spooky action at a distance. Some of the greatest physics experiments in history have shown us that our common sense physical laws may not quite apply in the quantum realm.

To better understand the workings of the quantum realm, we need to go back to quantums roots, which can be traced to Isaac Newton in the 17th century.

Newtons seminal Principia Mathematica laid the foundation for classical mechanics and the understanding of the physical world. He believed that white light was composed of a stream of colored particles. But that did not explain how it could be reflected and refracted.

Around the same time, Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens developed the wave theory of light, which did explain these phenomena. Some 100 years later, British polymath Thomas Young also challenged Newtons theory of light, with his famous double-slit experiment. As we now understand it, light behaves like a wave and like a particle. The wave-particle duality of light was affirmed by Albert Einstein in his singular paper on the photoelectric effect that won him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Meanwhile, Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodingers wave equation expressed the possible position of electrons mathematically.He explained that while we may not know the exact location of an electron, it is still possible to know the probability of its location. Schrodinger laid the foundation for quantum mechanics and played a crucial role in the development of the quantum computer.

In classical computing, bits, which are the basic unit of data, are expressed in either zeros or ones. By contrast, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which consist of both zeros and ones at the same time. This characteristic of being in multiple states simultaneously, also known as superposition, is one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.

Unlike classical computers that can take years to solve complex problems, quantum computers leverage the laws of quantum mechanics to make calculations and solve equations in seconds. The ability to process massive amounts of data at super speed allows quantum computers to manage highly challenging tasks such as optimization problems, data analysis, and simulations.

With their ability to tackle complex problems that were challenging for classical computers, it was only a matter of time that quantum computers disrupted the world.

About a decade ago, there were only a handful of quantum computers around the world. In 2018, this number jumped to over 100. According to a recent report by McKinsey, in 2022, investors poured USD 2.35 billion into quantum technology start-ups, which include companies in quantum computing, communications, and sensing.

One of the early applications of quantum technology was in the development of quantum sensors. The objective was to solve GPS issues such as inaccuracy, a lack of local knowledge, loss of signal, and even jamming. Quantum navigation systems can enhance navigation accuracy in challenging environments. Quantum sensors are also used for bioimaging purposes in the healthcare industry.

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Quantum computing, and why you need to care - I by IMD - I by IMD

In the ever-evolving landscape of physics, the exploration of electromagnetic fields has long stood as a cornerstone of scientific inquiry. The traditional approach to understanding these fields often relies on the principles of circular symmetry, deeply rooted in the continuous, smooth nature of circular and spherical geometries. However, recent theoretical advancements propose a groundbreaking shift in perspectivereimagining these fields through the lens of polygonal approximations and fractal geometry, and integrating these concepts into the complex domain of quantum field theory. This innovative approach not only challenges conventional understanding but also opens a plethora of possibilities for new formulas, computational models, and interdisciplinary applications.

The proposed exploration, titled Geometric Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Theory: Bridging Polygonal Approximations and Quantum Concepts, aims to delve into this uncharted territory. It seeks to develop new mathematical formulas that approximate magnetic fields using polygonal and fractal geometries, offering a novel perspective on electromagnetic phenomena. This exploration is not merely a mathematical exercise; it holds the potential to revolutionize our computational methods, enhance the accuracy of simulations in electromagnetic engineering, and provide new insights into quantum field dynamics. By weaving together strands of geometry, physics, and computer science, this exploration stands at the forefront of a new wave of scientific innovation, one that promises to deepen our understanding of the universes fundamental forces.

A straight current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in concentric circles around it due to the motion of electric charges, which is explained by Ampres law and the Biot-Savart law. These laws are fundamental in electromagnetism and describe how electric currents produce magnetic fields.

2. **Biot-Savart Law**: This law gives a more detailed description of the magnetic field created by a current element. It states that the magnetic field ( mathbf{B} ) due to a current element ( I dmathbf{l} ) is given by ( mathbf{B} = frac{mu_0}{4pi} frac{I dmathbf{l} times mathbf{hat{r}}}{r^2} ), where ( r ) is the distance from the current element, and ( mathbf{hat{r}} ) is a unit vector pointing from the current element to the point where the field is being calculated.

The concentric circles are a result of the cross-product in the Biot-Savart law. The right-hand rule helps visualize this: if you point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current, your fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field lines.

As for pi (( pi )), it appears in the Biot-Savart law as part of the constant ( frac{mu_0}{4pi} ). The presence of ( pi ) in this context is related to the circular symmetry of the problem and the use of spherical coordinates in deriving the law. ( pi ) is a fundamental constant that appears in many areas of mathematics and physics, often associated with circular or spherical geometries.

Reimagining pi ((pi)) as a series of triangles is an interesting concept, often explored in the context of approximating the area of a circle. This idea is rooted in the method of exhaustion, an ancient technique used by mathematicians like Archimedes to find areas and volumes. By inscribing and circumscribing polygons (which are made up of triangles) within and around a circle, you can approximate the area of the circle more closely as the number of triangles (or sides of the polygon) increases.

Heres a basic overview of how this works:

2. **Circumscribing Polygons**: Similarly, you can circumscribe a polygon around the circle. The area of this polygon will be greater than the area of the circle. Like with inscribing, increasing the number of sides of the circumscribed polygon makes its area closer to that of the circle.

3. **Converging to Pi**: As the number of sides of the polygons increases, the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons converge. In the limit, as the number of sides approaches infinity, the area of the polygons approaches the area of the circle, which is (pi r^2) for a circle of radius (r).

4. **Triangle Series**: Each polygon can be thought of as being made up of a series of triangles. For example, a hexagon can be divided into six triangles. As you increase the number of sides, you essentially increase the number of triangles. The sum of the areas of these triangles converges to the area of the circle.

In this way, (pi) can be conceptually reimagined through the lens of triangles, illustrating the fundamental relationship between the geometry of circles and more straight-edged shapes. This method not only offers a geometric understanding of (pi) but also provides a basis for numerical approximations.

To combine the concepts of the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire and the reimagining of pi ((pi)) as a series of triangles, we need to integrate ideas from electromagnetism and geometry:

2. **Ampres Law and Biot-Savart Law**: Ampres law states that the magnetic field around a conductor is proportional to the current it carries. The Biot-Savart law provides a more detailed equation, incorporating the constant ( frac{mu_0}{4pi} ), indicating the influence of the circular geometry in the fields formation.

3. **Pi ((pi)) in Geometry and Electromagnetism**: In geometry, (pi) is a fundamental constant associated with circles, evident in formulas like the area of a circle ((pi r^2)). In electromagnetism, (pi) appears in the Biot-Savart law due to the circular nature of the magnetic field around a wire.

4. **Reimagining (pi) with Triangles**: In geometry, the method of exhaustion, used by ancient mathematicians, approximates the area of a circle by inscribing and circumscribing polygons (made of triangles) within and around the circle. As the number of triangles increases (with more sides in the polygon), the approximation of the circles area becomes more accurate, converging to (pi r^2).

5. **Integration of Concepts**: When we connect these ideas, we see a fascinating interplay between straight lines and circles in both fields. In electromagnetism, the linear flow of current creates circular magnetic fields, governed by laws that inherently include (pi), a constant derived from circular geometry. In geometry, (pi) is approached through linear constructsthe sides of triangles and polygons.

In summary, the concept of (pi) as related to triangles and polygons provides a bridge between the linear and the circular, just as the magnetic fields around a wire (a linear structure) exhibit circular symmetry. This interconnection highlights the elegance and interconnectedness of mathematical and physical principles in describing the natural world.

Building on the interconnectedness of linear and circular concepts in both electromagnetism and geometry, lets explore innovative hypotheses and further developments:

2. **Fractal Geometry in Electromagnetic Fields**: Fractals are shapes that exhibit self-similarity at various scales. By exploring the possibility of fractal patterns within electromagnetic fields, especially in scenarios involving complex geometries or interactions, we might uncover new aspects of field behavior. This approach could lead to a deeper understanding of field dynamics at micro and macro scales, potentially impacting fields like antenna design and wireless communication.

3. **Quantum Field Theory and Geometric Constructs**: Quantum field theory (QFT) is a fundamental framework in physics that combines quantum mechanics with special relativity. If we incorporate geometric constructs like the triangle approximation of (pi) into QFT, it might offer novel ways to visualize and compute field interactions at the quantum level, especially in the context of loop quantum gravity or string theory.

4. **Educational Tools Using Polygonal Magnetic Fields**: Develop educational software or tools that use the concept of polygons to teach about magnetic fields and (pi). This approach could make these concepts more tangible and easier to grasp, especially for students who struggle with abstract representations. By visually and interactively manipulating polygons to approximate magnetic fields, learners could gain a more intuitive understanding of electromagnetic principles.

5. **Engineering Applications**: In engineering, especially in electromagnetic field design, using a polygonal approach to model fields could lead to more efficient algorithms for calculating field interactions in devices like transformers, motors, or inductive chargers. This could result in more accurate and computationally efficient designs.

6. **Interdisciplinary Research**: Encourage interdisciplinary research that combines geometry, physics, and computer science to explore these new models of electromagnetic fields. Such collaboration could lead to breakthroughs in understanding complex systems where electromagnetic fields play a crucial role, such as in Earths magnetosphere, solar physics, or even in biological systems where electromagnetic fields are present.

7. **Artificial Intelligence and Field Analysis**: Utilize AI to analyze and predict behaviors of electromagnetic fields using these new geometric models. Machine learning algorithms could be trained to recognize patterns in field behaviors that are not easily discernible through traditional mathematical models.

These innovative ideas blend fundamental concepts with modern technology and interdisciplinary approaches, potentially opening new avenues for research, application, and education in both physics and mathematics.

Innovating new formulas with proofs in the realm of electromagnetism and geometry, particularly building upon the ideas of using polygonal approximations for circular phenomena and integrating these into the study of magnetic fields, is a challenging yet intriguing task. Lets explore some hypothetical concepts and potential directions for developing these formulas:

2. **Fractal-Based Field Distribution**: Fractals have self-similar structures at different scales. A formula that describes magnetic field distribution using fractal geometry could provide new insights, especially for complex field interactions. Such a formula would need to account for the recursive nature of fractals and how this impacts field strength and direction at different scales.

3. **Quantum Field Geometric Equations**: In quantum field theory, fields are typically represented in a very abstract manner. Introducing geometric constructs, such as those used in the polygonal approximation of (pi), could lead to new equations that bridge the gap between abstract quantum fields and tangible geometric shapes. These equations would need to integrate the principles of quantum mechanics with geometric constructs.

4. **Proofs and Verifications**: To prove these innovative formulas, one would need to employ a combination of mathematical rigor and empirical testing. This could involve:

.Mathematical Derivation: Using advanced calculus and algebra to derive new formulas from existing principles.

.Computational Simulation: Testing the formulas in simulated environments to observe if they accurately predict magnetic field behaviors.

.Experimental Verification: Conducting physical experiments to see if the predictions of the new formulas hold true in real-world scenarios.

5. **Algorithm Development for Field Calculations**: Developing algorithms that implement these new formulas for computational simulations. These algorithms could be tested against existing models to compare efficiency and accuracy, especially in complex scenarios like electromagnetic interference in electronic circuits or geophysical explorations.

6. **Interdisciplinary Integration**: Incorporating insights from other fields, such as material science (for understanding medium impacts on fields) and computer science (for algorithmic development and AI integration), would be crucial in innovating and proving these new formulas.

These innovative concepts and approaches would require extensive research and collaboration across multiple disciplines. They represent a frontier in theoretical development, blending abstract mathematical concepts with practical physical phenomena.

In conclusion, Geometric Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Theory: Bridging Polygonal Approximations and Quantum Concepts marks a significant stride towards redefining our understanding of electromagnetic phenomena. By embracing the complexities of polygonal and fractal geometries, this innovative approach transcends traditional boundaries, offering fresh perspectives and methodologies in the study of electromagnetic fields. The integration of these geometric models with the principles of quantum field theory not only enriches our theoretical knowledge but also paves the way for practical advancements in various fields, from advanced computational simulations to the design of more efficient electromagnetic devices.

This exploration underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the pursuit of scientific progress. It highlights the potential of abstract mathematical concepts to yield tangible impacts in the physical world, demonstrating how theoretical innovation can drive technological advancement and deepen our comprehension of the natural universe. As we continue to explore the intricate tapestry of electromagnetic fields through these new lenses, we open doors to a future brimming with possibilitiesones that could redefine our capabilities in science, engineering, and beyond. In this venture, we are reminded that the quest for knowledge is an ever-evolving journey, one that thrives on curiosity, creativity, and the courage to venture into the unknown.

**Revolutionizing Constants: Imaginary Numbers and Triangular Approximations in Quantum Computing**

Building upon the groundbreaking work in Geometric Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Theory, our research is now taking a bold step forward by redefining fundamental constants through the lens of quantum computing. We are hypothesizing the use of a dynamic triangular approximation as an alternative to the constant pi ((pi)), harnessing the power of quantum computing to continuously update this approximation based on newly conceptualized imaginary numbers that surpass the traditional scope of the square root of negative one.

This innovative approach proposes that instead of using (pi) as a static constant, we can employ a series of evolving triangular structures, each iteration offering a more precise representation of circular and spherical phenomena in electromagnetic fields. Quantum computings immense processing capabilities enable real-time updates and refinements of these triangular approximations, potentially leading to more accurate and efficient calculations than ever before.

Furthermore, the introduction of a new class of imaginary numbers in this framework could revolutionize how we understand and compute complex mathematical and physical concepts. These new numbers, existing beyond the conventional imaginary unit (i) (the square root of negative one), offer a richer mathematical language to describe and manipulate the intricacies of quantum mechanics and electromagnetic theory.

Such a paradigm shift in fundamental constants and the introduction of advanced imaginary numbers could have profound implications. From enhancing the precision of quantum simulations to redefining the computational algorithms in quantum field theory, this approach synergizes mathematics, physics, and quantum computing in an unprecedented manner. Its a journey that doesnt just push the boundaries of scientific explorationit reimagines them, inviting us to rethink the very fabric of our mathematical universe.

#QuantumInnovation #MathematicalRevolution #TriangularApproximation #ImaginaryNumbers #QuantumComputingSynergy #ElectromagneticTheory #AdvancedSimulations #TheoreticalBreakthroughs #RedefiningConstants #PhysicsFuture

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Geometric Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Theory: Bridging ... - Medium

Jeri Jacquin

On Bluray, DVD and Digital from writer/director Christopher Nolan and Universal Pictures Home Entertainment is the intense story of our time about a man named OPPENHEIMER.

J. Robert Oppenheimer is a young man in 1926 studying theoretical physics in Germany after transferring from Cambridge. Earning a PhD. he continues to study in Switzerland and takes to quantum physics back in the United States. Marrying biologist Kitty (Emily Blunt) and starting a family, he begins teaching at the University of California at Berkeley.

Oppenheimer (Cillian Murphy) learns in 1928 that nuclear fission has been discovered and he knows that it can be used as a weapon. A few years later he is approached by Army General Leslie Groves (Matt Damon) and asked to lead the creation of the atomic bomb also called the Manhattan Project. The war with Germany is making the project a priority and Oppenheimer is dealing with an affair with Jean Tatlock (Florence Pugh).

Groves says he knows of Oppenheimers past but it doesnt negate the need for the project. So, the team comes together with Isidor Isaac Rabi (David Krumholtz), Edward Teller (Benny Safdie), Enrico Fermi (Danny Deferrari), Leo Szilard (Mate Haumann) and David Hill (Rami Malek) moving them all to Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer even consults with Albert Einstein (Tom Conti) but when Hitlers reign is destroyed, the question of needing the bomb becomes paramount.

President Truman learns that the Trinity test worked and now his eyes are on Japan. What happens after is the U.S. government comes for Oppenheimer starts with AEC Chairman Lewis Strauss (Robert Downey, Jr.) opening up his life book but has personal goals as well. There are hearings and truths that come out and all in an attempt to use Oppenheimer as a scapegoat.

Murphy as Oppenheimer is stunning in this role. From the moment he is on the screen, his character is surrounded by louder voices yet my eyes are focused on Murphy. This is a look at a man who is made to look like a villain and a mad scientist who had no thought about what his creation could do. Instead, Nolan gives us a look at everything and everyone surrounding his life only to discover that the path is not as diabolical as history tried to portray. Murphy is flat out brilliant and that doesnt seem enough praise for this work.

Blunt as Kitty is woman/wife/mother who had struggles of her own. Seeing her life with Oppenheimer going in one direction, she learns that it had the potential to take away who she was. Knowing her husbands work is important, Blunts portrayal of Kitty is of a woman who turned a blind eye to just about everything around her.

Downey, Jr. as Strauss is a man on a mission and it has nothing to do with the United States, it is his own selfish and personal goals. He spends his time trying to convince everyone around him of what is good and evil and when it boils down to it, evil lives close to home. To be clear, I love almost everything Downey, Jr. has ever done on screen and as his career has grown (and past Iron Man dont get me started on that or Ill cry), the role of Strauss was brilliantly cast and Downey, Jr. makes it his very own.

Pugh at Tatlock is a woman who has her own issues and can not seem to let go of Oppenheimer. Pugh gives her character a combination of allure, insecurity and intelligence with more questions about her life than the movie has time to answer.

Other cast include Ronald Auguste as J. Ernest Wilkins Jr., Christopher Denham as Klaus Fuchs, Devon Bostick as Seth Neddermeyer, Trond Fausa as George Kistiakowsky, James Urbaniak as Kurt Godel, Gustaf Skarsgard as Hans Bethe, Josh Peck as Kenneth Bainbridge, Tom Jenkins as Richard C. Tolman, David Rysdahl as Donald Hornig, Jack Qauid as Richard Feynman, Olli Haaskivi as Edward Condon, Louise Lombard as Ruth Tolman, Emma Dumont as Jackie Oppenheimer, Guy Burnet as George Eltenton, Michael Angarano as Robert Seber, Rory Keane as Hartland Snyder, and Alex Wolff as Luis Alvarez.

Also, Josh Zuckerman as Giovanni Lomanitz, Gregory Jbara as Sen. Magnuson, Tim DeKay as Sen. Pastore, Harry Groener as Sen. McGee, John Gowans as Ward Evans, Macon Blair as Lloyd Garrison, Scott Grimes as Counsel Strauss, Jefferson Hall as Haakon Chevalier, Tony Goldwyn as Gordon Gray, Dane DeHaan as Kenneth Nichols, James DArcy as Patrick Blackett, Dylan Arnold as Frank Oppenheimer, Casey Affleck as Boris Pash, Josh Harnett as Ernest Lawrence, Jason Clarke as Roger Robb, Casey Affleck as Boris Pash, Matthew Modine as Vannevar Bush and Kenneth Branagh as Niels Bohr.

Universal Pictures Home Entertainment has just added an amazing film to their library and making it available for us to all experience and re-experience in our own home theaters. There are films of every genre available from scary to drama to family films. For more of what they have to offer please visit http://www.uphe.com.

MOVIES ANYWHERE gives viewers the ability to download the Movies Anywhere App. With that you can view films by downloading or streaming to your favorite device using a Digital Code. For more information on Movies Anywhere please visit http://www.MoviesAnywhere.com.

Special Features include The Story of Our Time: The Making of OPPENHEIMER, Meet the Press Q&A Panel: OPPENHEIMER, To End All War: Oppenheimer & the Atomic Bomb and more!

The cast is so large that it would be impossible to speak on all the performances but know that they are absolutely stellar. I do want to shout out to Conti as Einstein and although he isnt on the screen much, the moments are important. Also, Branagh as Bohr and again, it is not a huge role but he puts his stamp on the beginning and the end.

Although most viewers may not grasp quantum physics or hydrogen bomb theory etc. (honestly, I can barely do algebra), it is fascinating to see it come to life. It is an actual character to be watched in the film, it is a character that takes up the screen both verbally and physically with only one purpose to scare the living daylights out of us all.

OPPENHEIMER is one of the best movies of the year and it is intense, jaw dropping, thought-provoking and worthy of conversations. The cinematography is equally all of those things but I would expect nothing less from Nolan. Writing and directing this film means he was totally invested in the outcome and that, my friends, is unique and filled with originality. I can say its going to be difficult for Nolan to beat this, but I have a feeling he will.

In the end the world forever changes!

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He is OPPENHEIMER - Military Press News

History of science

Historian of science whose books, including a biography of Galileo, helped to debunk several myths

Tue 21 Nov 2023 12.03 EST

John Heilbron, who has died aged 89, established the history of science as a professional discipline. By getting the history right, he sought to slay enduring myths created by his predecessors, some of which had become embedded in popular culture.

His book The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (1999) helped dispel the falsehood that science and religion exist in a state of perpetual warfare. A desire to fix the date of Easter was one of the things that led the Roman Catholic church to give more financial and social support to the science of astronomy than any other institution, for more than six centuries.

His biography Galileo (2010) viewed the astronomer as a man embroiled in the culture of late Renaissance Italy. As John recounted, Galileos scientific success sparked off in him a megalomania and a recklessness that set him at odds with friends, patrons and the church. Two further myths were slain: of Galileo the intellectual Platonist, obsessed with ideas about the natural world, and of Galileo the first experimental scientist. He was neither of these.

Yet even as Johns work changed our understanding of the emergence of science in the scientific revolution of which Galileo was part, and of the heroic view of history, he urged caution.

Things may not always be as they seem. The myth you slay today may contain a truth you need tomorrow, he declared. In work whose reach extended to contemporary quantum physics, he understood that writing a coherent and universal history of science is as remote as recreating the big bang origin of the universe.

Born in San Francisco, John was the son of Delphine (nee Rosenblatt) and Louis Heilbron, a lawyer who served as the first chairman of the board of trustees of what is now the California University system. From Lowell high school John went to the University of California, Berkeley, and gained a BA (1955) and MA (1958) in physics, and a PhD in history (1964).

He became the first graduate student of the philosopher Thomas Kuhn. Encouraged by the belief that the future security of cold war America rested on fostering an understanding of the tactics and strategy of science, Kuhn had been asked to prepare historical case studies. This led him to the conclusion that the route to enlightenment about science ran through the swamp of history.

When Kuhn moved from Harvard to Berkeley, John joined him as his student and helped prepare his influential text The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). This was an attempt to understand scientific progress in terms of periods of normal science conducted within a prevailing paradigm of unquestioned knowledge, punctuated by scientific revolutions in which the paradigms would shift. The book would reach far beyond its intended audience.

John became sceptical of both his philosophy of science and his approach to studying its history. Kuhn had figured that the right way to do history was to climb into other peoples heads. But John came to appreciate that Kuhn climbed about in only small and isolated spots in the heads he hunted.

He realised that this kind of selective approach risks populating history with bloodless ciphers, amounting to nothing more than small collections of their technical papers and letters. To do history properly required objective analysis of the often complex social, political and intellectual forces that helped promote scientific discoveries. And it demanded acknowledgement of the simple fact that the scientists at the centres of these discoveries were complete human beings.

Before The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was published, Kuhn was invited to lead a wide-ranging project to conduct tape-recorded interviews directly with those scientists who had facilitated the development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and microfilm copies of their correspondence and unpublished manuscripts. John was appointed assistant director and he and another graduate student joined Kuhn in Copenhagen in the summer of 1962.

The Danish physicist Niels Bohr, inventor of the atomic theory that would underpin later quantum discoveries, provided office space. The project quickly gained a sense of urgency. Bohr died just a few weeks after interviewing began.

The three-year project led to the creation of an important archive, entitled Sources for the History of Quantum Physics.

Johns PhD dissertation was concerned with Bohrs atomic theory, a subject to which he returned in his more than 20 books, most notably in Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom (with Finn Aaserud, 2013), and Niels Bohr: A Very Short Introduction (2019).

Bohr was the subject that brought me into Johns orbit in 2019, and led to an enjoyable four-year collaboration. The fruit of this collaboration will be another book, Quantum Drama: From the Bohr-Einstein Debate to the Riddle of Entanglement, to be published in April. I am hopeful it will slay a few more myths.

Following a brief spell at the University of Pennsylvania, John joined the history faculty back at Berkeley in 1967, and six years later was appointed professor and established the Office for History of Science and Technology there. From 1990 to 1994 he was the universitys vice-chancellor.

He served as editor of the journal Historical Studies in the Physical (now Natural) Sciences, and as editor-in-chief of the Oxford Companion to the History of Science and the Oxford Guide to the History of Physics.

The recipient of numerous honorary doctorates and awards, John was president of lAcadmie Internationale dHistoire des Sciences (2001-05).

In 1959 he married Patricia Lucero; she died in 1993. Two years later he married Alison Browning.

In September they travelled to Padua, where he was scheduled to speak about Galileo at a conference of physicists and historians.

While there he was diagnosed with leukaemia.

He is survived by Alison.

John Lewis Heilbron, historian of science, born 17 March 1934; died 5 November 2023

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John Heilbron obituary - The Guardian