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What is bitcoin? – CoinDesk

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

Last updated: 20th March 2015

Bitcoin is a form of digital currency, created and held electronically. No one controls it. Bitcoins arent printed, like dollars or euros theyre produced by people, and increasingly businesses, running computers all around the world, using software that solves mathematical problems.

Its the first example of a growing category of money known as cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin can be used to buy things electronically. In that sense, its like conventional dollars, euros, or yen, which are also traded digitally.

However, bitcoins most important characteristic, and the thing that makes it different to conventional money, is that it is decentralized. No single institution controls the bitcoin network. This puts some people at ease, because it means that a large bank cant control their money.

A software developer called Satoshi Nakamoto proposed bitcoin, which was an electronic payment system based on mathematical proof. The idea was to produce a currency independent of any central authority, transferable electronically, more or less instantly, with very low transaction fees.

No one. This currency isnt physically printed in the shadows by a central bank, unaccountable to the population, and making its own rules. Those banks can simply produce more money to cover the national debt, thus devaluing their currency.

Instead, bitcoin is created digitally, by a community of people that anyone can join. Bitcoins are mined, using computing power in a distributed network.

This network also processes transactions made with the virtual currency, effectively making bitcoin its own payment network.

Thats right. The bitcoin protocol the rules that make bitcoin work say that only 21 million bitcoins can ever be created by miners. However, these coins can be divided into smaller parts (the smallest divisible amount is one hundred millionth of a bitcoin and is called a Satoshi, after the founder of bitcoin).

Conventional currency has been based on gold or silver. Theoretically, you knew that if you handed over a dollar at the bank, you could get some gold back (although this didnt actually work in practice). But bitcoin isnt based on gold; its based on mathematics.

Around the world, people are using software programs that follow a mathematical formula to produce bitcoins. The mathematical formula is freely available, so that anyone can check it.

The software is also open source, meaning that anyone can look at it to make sure that it does what it is supposed to.

Bitcoin has several important features that set it apart from government-backed currencies.

The bitcoin network isnt controlled by one central authority. Every machine that mines bitcoin and processes transactions makes up a part of the network, and the machines work together. That means that, in theory, one central authority cant tinker with monetary policy and cause a meltdown or simply decide to take peoples bitcoins away from them, as the Central European Bank decided to do in Cyprus in early 2013. And if some part of the network goes offline for some reason, the money keeps on flowing.

Conventional banks make you jump through hoops simply to open a bank account. Setting up merchant accounts for payment is another Kafkaesque task, beset by bureaucracy. However, you can set up a bitcoin address in seconds, no questions asked, and with no fees payable.

Well, kind of. Users can hold multiple bitcoin addresses, and they arent linked to names, addresses, or other personally identifying information. However

bitcoin stores details of every single transaction that ever happened in the network in a huge version of a general ledger, called the blockchain. The blockchain tells all.

If you have a publicly used bitcoin address, anyone can tell how many bitcoins are stored at that address. They just dont know that its yours.

There are measures that people can take to make their activities more opaque on the bitcoin network, though, such as not using the same bitcoin addresses consistently, and not transferring lots of bitcoin to a single address.

Your bank may charge you a 10 fee for international transfers. Bitcoin doesnt.

You can send money anywhere and it will arrive minutes later, as soon as the bitcoin network processes the payment.

When your bitcoins are sent, theres no getting them back, unless the recipient returns them to you. Theyre gone forever.

So, bitcoin has a lot going for it, in theory. But how does it work, in practice? Read more to find out how bitcoins are mined, what happens when a bitcoin transaction occurs, and how the network keeps track of everything.

The above table is an advertising unit. For more options, please see our guide to buying bitcoin.

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Bitcoin surges to fresh record above $3500, beats gold amid the global market sell-off – CNBC

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

Bitcoin's gains followed an uneventful split last week into bitcoin and bitcoin cash, an upgrade proposal supported by a minority of developers. This week, an overwhelming majority of developers signaled their support for a more popular upgrade called Segregated Witness, or SegWit.

"With SegWit locked in, and an effective split between two camps with differing visions for the asset (BTC and BCH), it is now experiencing a relief rally," said Chris Burniske, author of the upcoming book, "Cryptoassets: The Innovative Investor's Guide to Bitcoin and Beyond."

"A greater number of entities, including institutions, are waking up to bitcoin's merits as a currency that is uncorrelated to the traditional capital markets," he said.

Many digital currency enthusiasts believe bitcoin will one day become "digital gold" amid the rise of other cryptocurrencies. The supply of bitcoin is limited to 21 million, but demand for the digital currency remains high as it's typically the way for new investors to participate in the growing, larger world of cryptocurrencies.

Bitcoin already trades at nearly three times the price of gold.

Some Wall Street analysts have also published research in the last several weeks noting how bitcoin could rise several thousand dollars if even a small percentage of holdings in gold, stocks and bonds flowed into the digital currency.

U.S. stocks remain close to their all-time highs, and many strategists expect a deeper pullback soon due to seasonal factors and overextended prices. The S&P 500 closed below its 50-day moving average Thursday for the first time since July 6, led by declines in technology stocks.

Stocks were slightly higher Friday, but the Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF (XLK) remained 0.8 percent lower for the week, tracking for its worst week since the end of June. The S&P 500 was on pace for a decline of about 1.3 percent for the week, its worst in at least four months.

That said, there's no guarantee the digital currency can keep climbing even if it's survived this summer's controversy over the best way to upgrade the bitcoin network. The second phase of Segregated Witness is set to take place in November and could result in yet another split in the digital currency.

"Every day sees new buyers entering the market, and as the price rises, owners of Bitcoin only become more bullish," Ari Paul, CIO of cryptocurrency investment firm BlockTower Capital, told CNBC in an email. "This trend may continue until there's an exogenous shock to entice new sellers."

Another digital currency, ethereum, was little changed around $300 Friday, according to CoinDesk.

The bitcoin offshoot, bitcoin cash, traded 13 percent higher near $330, according to CoinMarketCap.

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‘Blockchain technology will change the world’: Fidelity Labs SVP – CNBC

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

Imagining the future of blockchain technology is like trying to imagine Google and Facebook on the day the first web browser came out, said Hadley Stern, senior vice president at Fidelity Labs.

Stern is responsible for running Fidelity's bitcoin, blockchain and digital currency incubator. His research team has been experimenting with bitcoin because he said it is like "digital gold" and that "blockchain technology will change the world."

The corporation announced Wednesday that it started allowing clients to view bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies on its website, making it one of the few established institutions that have warmed up to cryptocurrencies.

"The big story is you can transfer value through software and software alone. This is a huge societal breakthrough," Stern said on CNBC's "Closing Bell."

And regardless of whether bitcoin will survive, it could be like the Napster of blockchain technology, Stern said, where it is the first of its kind but the next products, in this case Spotify and Apple Music, get better and better.

"I do think [cryptocurrencies] will make things, whether it's bitcoin or something else, faster and cheaper and create new products and services that we can't even imagine," Stern said.

While some critics are skeptical of how bitcoin is used, Stern said that banning the cryptocurrency would be like banning the web or open internet protocols.

"Whether governments like it or not, it's here to stay," he said.

Stern did emphasize though that Fidelity's move does not mean their clients can make bitcoin transactions through their corporation, saying "we're not necessarily making a judgment on bitcoin." It is just a way for clients to view their bitcoin balances alongside their accounts.

Bitcoin reached an all-time high of around $3,500 Friday, up more than 20 percent for the week.

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The Bitcoin Cash Hard Fork Will Show Us Which Coin Is Best – Fortune

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

On August 1, the digital currency Bitcoin split into two derivative currencies, Bitcoin Classic (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Far from being a rushed spinoff, as Blockstream Chief Strategy Officer Samson Mows August 7 op-ed in Fortune claims, the split was a long time coming.

The origins of the debate can be traced back to 2010, when a one megabyte per 10 minutes limit was quietly added into the Bitcoin codebase as a spam control measure. Because the value of a bitcoin was so low at the time, trading for pennies each, the limit was intended to prevent would-be attackers from overloading the network with a flood of cheap transactions.

This one simple variable gradually led to the emergence of two competing factions within the Bitcoin industry. One side wanted the limit raised to allow Bitcoin to scale with growing demand, while the other side claimed that allowing Bitcoin to grow too quickly would result in its centralization and shift to corporate control.

As the Bitcoin network grew in popularity, this one megabyte limit started being pushed up against in late 2016, but through organic network growth rather than by a flood of maliciously generated transactions. The result was that Bitcoin found itself unable to absorb increased demand: Every transaction would now be at the expense of another, and a fee bidding war drove the average transaction fee from pennies to a peak of more than $5 in June 2017.

Many worried that such high fees would hinder Bitcoins growing adoption and use, disenfranchising most of the worlds actual Bitcoin users, leaving only price speculators and those willing to pay high fees to transact in bitcoin.

After years spent at loggerheads with the other faction, the Bitcoin Cash supporters decided that rather than try to morph Bitcoin to their wishes, they would simply create a split of the ledger and let the market decide. The Bitcoin Classic chain retains the one megabyte limit and the legacy ticker symbol, BTC, while the Bitcoin Cash chain has increased the limit to eight megabytes and adopted a new ticker symbol, BCH (alternatively BCC, depending on who you ask).

Any person holding bitcoin at the time of the split on August 1 received identical amounts of each new coin at the time of the split. If you had one Bitcoin at the end of July, youd now have one BTC and one BCH in August. Rather than causing a market upset, the split achieved the desirable outcome of allowing both visions of Bitcoin to compete in the free market.

Many have decided to sell one side of the split to buy more of the other side, but more conservative holders can benefit from holding both and refraining from speculation. Preventing either of the two ideologically divided camps from pursuing their vision does no one any favors: Both camps were stuck with a version of Bitcoin they viewed as suboptimal. The split allows each coin to develop and grow in the way its supporters believe to be best.

And the markets seem to agree. The price of both tokens combined is now greater than the price of one Bitcoin before the split. In the long term, expect to see market demand coalesce around one of the two coins. Bitcoin has always belonged to the free marketmay the best coin win!

Jake Smith is a manager at Bitcoin.com.

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Quantum Computing Is Real, and D-Wave Just Open … – WIRED

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

Quantum computing is real. But it's also hard. So hard that only a few developers, usually trained in quantum physics, advanced mathematics, or most likely both, can actually work with the few quantum computers that exist. Now D-Wave, the Canadian company behind the quantum computer that Google and NASA have been testing since 2013, wants to make quantum computing a bit easier through the power of open source software.

Traditional computers store information in "bits," which can represent either a "1" or a "0." Quantum computing takes advantage of quantum particles in a strange state called "superposition," meaning that the particle is spinning in two directions at once. Researchers have learned to take advantage of these particles to create what they call "qubits," which can represent both a 1 and a 0 at the same time. By stringing qubits together, companies like D-Wave hope to create computers that are exponentially faster than today's machines.

IBM demonstrated a working quantum computer in 2000 and continues to improve on its technology. Google is working on its own quantum computer and also teamed up with NASA to test D-Wave's system in 2013. Lockheed Martin and the Los Alamos National Laboratory are also working with D-Wave machines. But today's quantum computers still aren't practical for most real-world applications. qubits are fragile and can be easily knocked out of the superposition state. Meanwhile, quantum computers are extremely difficult to program today because they require highly specialized knowledge.

"D-Wave is driving the hardware forward," says D-Wave International president Bo Ewald. "But we need more smart people thinking about applications, and another set thinking about software tools."

That's where the company's new software tool Qbsolv comes in. Qbsolv is designed to help developers program D-Wave machines without needing a background in quantum physics. A few of D-Wave's partners are already using the tool, but today the company released Qbsolv as open source, meaning anyone will be able to freely share and modify the software.

"Not everyone in the computer science community realizes the potential impact of quantum computing," says Fred Glover, a mathematician at the University of Colorado, Boulder who has been working with Qbsolv. "Qbsolv offers a tool that can make this impact graphically visible, by getting researchers and practitioners involved in charting the future directions of quantum computing developments."

Qbsolv joins a small but growing pool of tools for would-be quantum computer programmers. Last year Scott Pakin of Los Alamos National Laboratoryand one of Qbsolv's first usersreleased another free tool called Qmasm, which also eases the burden of writing code for D-Wave machines by freeing developers from having to worry about addressing the underlying hardware. The goal, Ewald says, is to kickstart a quantum computing software tools ecosystem and foster a community of developers working on quantum computing problems. In recent years, open source software has been the best way to build communities of both independent developers and big corporate contributors.

Of course to actually run the software you create with these tools, you'll need access to one of the very few existing D-Wave machines. In the meantime, you can download a D-Wave simulator that will let you test the software on your own computer. Obviously this won't be the same as running it on a piece of hardware that uses real quantum particles, but it's a start.

Last year, IBM launched a cloud-based service that enables people to run their own programs on the company's quantum computer. But at least for the moment, Qbsolv and Qmasm will only be useful for creating applications for D-Wave's hardware. D-Wave's machines take a radically different approach to computing than traditional computers, or even other quantum computing prototypes. While most computersranging from your smartphone to IBM's quantum computerare general purpose, meaning they can be programmed to solve all sort of problems, D-Wave's machines are designed for a single purpose: solving optimization problems. The classic example is known as the traveling salesman problem: calculating the shortest route that passes through a list of specific locations.

In the early days, critics wondered whether D-Wave's expensive machines were even quantum computers at all, but most researchers now seem to agree that the machines do exhibit quantum behavior. "There are very few doubts left that there are indeed quantum effects at work and that they play a meaningful computational role," University of Southern California researcher Daniel Lidar told us in 2015 after Google and NASA released a research paper detailing some of their work with the D-Wave. The big question now is whether D-Waves are actually any faster than traditional computers, and if its unique approach is better than that taken by IBM and other researchers.

Pakin says his team are believers in D-Waves potential, even though they admit its systems might not yet offer performance improvements except in very narrow cases. He also explains that D-Wave's computers don't necessarily provide the most efficient answers to an optimization problemor even a correct one. Instead, the idea is to provide solutions that are probably good, if not perfect solutions, and to do it very quickly. That narrows the D-Wave machines' usefulness to optimization problems that need to be solved fast but don't need to be perfect. That could include many artificial intelligence applications.

Ideally, however, the hardware and software will improve to the point that other types of computing problems can be translated into optimization problems, and Qbsolv and Qmasm are steps towards building exactly that. But to get there, they'll need more than just open source software. They'll need an open source community.

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Blind quantum computing for everyone – Phys.org – Phys.Org

August 12, 2017 | Author: admin

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

(Phys.org)For the first time, physicists have demonstrated that clients who possess only classical computersand no quantum devicescan outsource computing tasks to quantum servers that perform blind quantum computing. "Blind" means the quantum servers do not have full information about the tasks they are computing, which ensures that the clients' computing tasks are kept secure. Until now, all blind quantum computing demonstrations have required that clients have their own quantum devices in order to delegate tasks for blind quantum computing.

The team of physicists, led by Jian-Wei Pan and Chao-Yang Lu at the University of Science and Technology of China, have published a paper on the demonstration of blind quantum computing for classical clients in a recent issue of Physical Review Letters.

"We have demonstrated for the first time that a fully classical client can delegate a quantum computation to untrusted quantum servers while maintaining full privacy," Lu told Phys.org.

The idea behind blind quantum computing is that, while there are certain computing tasks that quantum computers can perform exponentially better than classical computers, quantum computing still involves expensive, complex hardware that will make it inaccessible for most clients. So instead of everyone owning their own quantum computing devices, blind quantum computing makes it possible for clients to outsource their computing tasks to quantum servers that do the job for them. Ensuring that the quantum computing is performed blindly is important, since many of the potential applications of quantum computing will likely require a high degree of security.

Although several blind quantum computing protocols have been performed in the past few years, they have all required that the clients have the ability to perform certain quantum tasks, such as prepare or measure qubit states. Eliminating this requirement will provide greater access to blind quantum computing, since most clients only have classical computing systems.

In the new study, the physicists experimentally demonstrated that a classical client can outsource a simple problem (factoring the number 15) to two quantum servers that do not fully know what problem they are solving. This is because each server completes part of the task, and it is physically impossible for the servers to communicate with each other. To ensure that the quantum servers are performing their tasks honestly, the client can give them "dummy tasks" that are indistinguishable from the real task to test their honesty and correctness.

The researchers expect that the new method can be scaled up for realizing secure, outsourced quantum computing, which could one day be implemented on quantum cloud servers and make the power of quantum computing widely available.

"Blind quantum computing protocol is an important privacy-preserving technique for future secure quantum cloud computing and secure quantum networks," Lu said. "Applying our implemented blind quantum computing protocol, classical clients could delegate computation tasks to servers 'in the cloud' blindly and correctly without directly owning quantum devices. It saves resources and makes scalable quantum computing possible."

In the future, the physicists want to make blind quantum computing even easier for clients by further reducing the requirements.

"We plan to study more robust blind quantum computing protocols with fewer required resources and fewer constraints theoretically and experimentally," Lu said. "We will also explore blind quantum computing for more application scenarios, such as multi-user blind quantum computing, publicly verifiable quantum computing, and secure multi-party quantum computing."

Explore further: Developing quantum algorithms for optimization problems

More information: He-Liang Huang et al. "Experimental Blind Quantum Computing for a Classical Client." Physical Review Letters. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.050503 , Also at arXiv:1707.00400 [quant-ph]

2017 Phys.org

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Global Bus Switch IC Market 2017-2021 – Growing Demand for Cloud Computing and IoT – PR Newswire (press release)

August 11, 2017 | Author: admin

The global bus switch IC market to grow at a CAGR of 4.20% during the period 2017-2021

Global Bus Switch IC Market 2017-2021, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the market landscape and its growth prospects over the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market. To calculate the market size, the report considers shipments, sales, volume, and value.

According to the report, one driver in the market is growing demand for cloud computing and IoT. The global IoT market is being amplified by the increasing rates of globalization and urbanization in all regions. A surprising number of users across the world today have access to multiple branches of IT, data sharing and storage methods, cloud computing solutions, and communication portals. Within the next three years, it is expected that more than 80% of all data center traffic will be cloud based. Also, most of this action will be going to public cloud services; there will be more workloads (nearly 54%) in the public cloud than in private clouds (46%).

One trend in the market is growing use of high-speed gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Internet is known as the next generation of broadband Internet service, and it is delivered over fiber optic lines and provides speeds of nearly 1,000 Mbps, which is also referred to as 1 Gbps or gigabit Internet.

Further, the report states that one challenge in the market is rapid technological changes. The fast developments in wafer processing is a major challenge for the vendors of bus switch ICs. The miniaturization of nodes, the increase in wafer sizes, and the increasing applications of the ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) fabrication technology are steadily becoming visible in the global semiconductor industry. These factors are prompting the manufacturers of semiconductors to focus on developing and adopting new technologies, particularly in packaging solutions.

Key Vendors

Other Prominent Vendors

Key Topics Covered:

Part 01: Executive summary

Part 02: Scope of the report

Part 03: Research Methodology

Part 04: Introduction

Part 05: Market landscape

Part 06: Market segmentation by application

Part 07: Geographical segmentation

Part 08: Decision framework

Part 09: Drivers and challenges

Part 10: Market trends

Part 11: Vendor landscape

Part 12: Key vendor analysis

Part 13: Appendix

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/8ldfxw/global_bus_switch

Media Contact:

Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager press@researchandmarkets.com

For E.S.T Office Hours Call +1-917-300-0470 For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call +1-800-526-8630 For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900

U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907 Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716

View original content:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-bus-switch-ic-market-2017-2021---growing-demand-for-cloud-computing-and-iot-300502823.html

SOURCE Research and Markets

http://www.researchandmarkets.com

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Amazon Web Services chooses its Kubernetes path, joins Cloud … – GeekWire

August 11, 2017 | Author: admin

Just weeks after Microsoft signaled its support for a key cloud computing industry foundation, Amazon Web Services has followed suit, joining the Cloud Native Computing Foundation as a platinum member.

The move to join the CNCF at the highest level resolves some questions about AWS and Kubernetes, the open-source container orchestration product originally developed at Google that is quickly becoming a de-facto standard for managing containerized software development environments. The CNCF manages the Kubernetes project, and as part of joining the CNCF, AWS commits to spending time and money helping to build out that project as well as several smaller projects that make Kubernetes easier to use.

Adrian Cockcroft, vice president of cloud architecture strategy at AWS, will join the governing board of the CNCF. The CNCF is a less formal standards body compared to other efforts throughout history, but it is playing a key role in advancing projects like Kubernetes and cloud computing in general.

Just a few weeks ago, it wasnt clear whether or not AWS was interesting in committing to a common standard for container orchestration. Kubernetes runs on AWS, of course, but allowing something to run on your service is quite different from actively supporting it, especially if youre trying to convince customers to adopt your own container orchestration product.

Amazon has been pushing its own container orchestration product, Amazon EC2 Container Service, but there has been growing concern among a lot of cloud computing users and companies that AWS is only interested in products and services that entice customers to spend all their time and money inside AWS. Kubernetes makes it easier for cloud computing users to spread their workloads across multiple cloud providers as well as their own on-premises servers, and the support of AWS should alleviate a few (but certainly not all) of those concerns.

Weve seen several signs of late that AWS was warming to Kubernetes, most recently via a report that the company was exploring the idea of developed a container-orchestration product on top of Kubernetes. Wednesdays announcement makes that easier, and the backing of AWS means that anyone thinking about betting on Kubernetes can now rest assured that all major cloud providers are on board.

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AWS joins the Cloud Native Computing Foundation | TechCrunch – TechCrunch

August 11, 2017 | Author: admin

Rumor has it that Amazons AWS cloud computing platform will soon launch its own Kubernetes-based container management service. Those rumors are getting a bit more concrete because AWS today joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation(CNCF), the open source home of the Kubernetes project, as a top-level Platinum member. With this, all of the major public cloud providers, including Microsoft, Google and IBM, are now part of this Linux Foundation-based group, which aims to bring modern cloud management techniques to the masses.

Amazon already hosts the vast majority of Kubernetes deployments, according to a recent survey, so it shouldnt come as a surprise that Amazon is joining the foundation that, to a large degree, is steering this project. Its worth noting, though, that AWS makes use of plenty of open source projects, and also regularly releases its own projects on GitHub.The company also has been a Linux Foundation member since 2013 and is a founding member of the Core Infrastructure Initiative. Unlike all of its main competitors, it isnt a member of the Cloud Foundry foundation, though.

As for the CNCF, Amazon has been contributing to containerd, the groups container runtime. AWS plans to take an active role in the cloud native community, contributing to Kubernetes and other cloud native technologies such as containerd, CNI, and linkerd, the CNCF notes in todays announcement. Adrian Cockcroft, the VP of Cloud Architecture Strategy at AWS, will join CNCFs board.

In his announcement, Cockcroft did not talk about what Amazons short-term plans for Kubernetes are, but given the wide-spread support for the platform which is giving Google and Microsoft an opening in competing with AWS on this quickly expanding field I would be surprised if we didnt see increased direct support for Kubernetes on AWS (you can, of course, already use it on AWS, but only with the help of tools from third-party vendors).

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Cloud computing security – JD Supra (press release)

August 11, 2017 | Author: admin

Your first step to building a free, personalized, morning email brief covering pertinent authors and topics on JD Supra:

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