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Last year, cryptocurrencies burst onto the scene like no other asset class ever has. Over the span of 12 months, the aggregate value of digital currencies soared almost $600 billion, which in percentage terms worked out to more than 3,300%. This was probably the best single-year return for any asset class in history, and we may never see anything like it again.

However, not everyone who's made money off the cryptocurrency craze has done so as a traditional investor. Some individuals and businesses have made veritable fortunes by "mining" cryptocurrency.

Image source: Getty Images.

Cryptocurrency mining describes the process by which persons and/or businesses with high-powered computers and servers compete against one another to solve highly complex mathematical equations that are the result of the encryption designed to protect transactions on a blockchain network. The first to solve a group of equations and verify that those transactions (known as a block) are true -- i.e., that the same virtual token wasn't spent twice -- receives what's known as a "block reward." This reward is paid out in tokens of the virtual currency that's being proofed.

For example, bitcoin currently has a block reward of 12.5 tokens. This means that the first person, group of individuals, or business to validate a block of transactions will receive 12.5 bitcoin tokens. With the world's most valuable cryptocurrency currently hovering just above $8,000 per coin, we're talking about a more than $100,000 haul for cryptocurrency miners who are successful in beating others to the proverbial punch.

Of course, there are other factors that need to be kept in mind. There are exorbitant costs involved with crypto mining, too. This is a highly electricity-intensive practice that uses dozens, hundreds, or thousands of hard drives, processing units, and servers, to solve complex equations. Not only does this rack up quite the electric bill, but it creates a lot of heat, which may also require a cooling system. Also, hardware becomes obsolete rather quickly, requiring miners to regularly upgrade their equipment to remain competitive.

What's more, not all virtual currencies are mineable. While well-known cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin, Monero, and Dash are mineable, others, such as Ripple, EOS, Cardano, Stellar, IOTA, and NEO, have a different method of transaction validation known as proof of stake. With proof of stake, owners of cryptocurrency are randomly chosen to validate transactions. There is no competition, and more importantly, virtually no added electricity costs.

Image source: Getty Images.

Though cryptocurrency mining has been profitable, it's clearly not feasible for everyone. Nevertheless, there are ways investors can gain exposure to crypto mining, should they choose, through the stock market. Here are four top cryptocurrency mining stocks that have either direct or partial exposure, based on sales, to the industry.

Perhaps the most prominent names of the bunch are NVIDIA (NASDAQ:NVDA) and Advanced Micro Devices (NASDAQ:AMD), which are best known for their graphics card and PC-based microprocessors, respectively. Neither company has exactly been forthcoming with regard to how much of their sales are tied to cryptocurrency mining, but each company has clearly benefited in recent quarters from the sale of graphics processing units (GPU). NVIDIA's full-year results pointed to 41% year-over-year sales growth, with Advanced Micro's sales up 25% on an annual basis.

In fact, demand for GPUs has been so strong that the price of graphics cards, new and old, has been shooting higher. This actually creates a bit of a conundrum for NVIDIA and AMD, as Advanced Micro Devices is more commonly known. The core customers for both companies are avid gaming enthusiasts and enterprise clients. If crypto mining demand continues to pluck supply from the market, the high price for graphics cards could cause a rebellion among NVIDIA's and AMD's core customers. Then again, if these companies create a product specifically for crypto mining, they'll drive down prices by increasing supply and squash the sales and margin boost they've recently experienced.

While both companies certainly have a lot going on beyond the cryptocurrency mining industry, it's possible that their share prices could reflect the ebbs and flows of virtual currency token prices, so it's something to keep in mind.

Image source: Getty Images.

Another burgeoning cryptocurrency mining stock that isn't exactly keen on divulging the percentage of its sales tied to mining is Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (NYSE:TSM). Last week, TSMC reported strong first-quarter operating results that included a 6% increase in sales from the prior-year period, as well as its single-best sales month in history in March ($3.5 billion). C.C. Wei, TSMC's president and co-CEO, specifically said that "these results were mainly driven by strong demand from high performance computing such as cryptocurrency mining."

In addition, Coindesk notes that Chinese mining hardware maker Bitmain, a client of TSMC, unveiled its next-generation, ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)-based, Ethereum mining equipment called Antminer E3 in early April. The unit, which has a list price of $800, is set to ship in July. Bitmain's need for ASIC chips to satisfy demand for Antminer E3 may very well be the reason TSMC experienced a surge in sales during March and in Q1 as a whole.

However, the downdraft in bitcoin and other crypto token prices in 2018 has certainly cast a shadow on industry demand moving forward. Having previously forecast sales growth of 10% to 15% in 2018, TSMC also lowered its sales growth expectations to 10% for the current year on uncertainty in the crypto mining space. Like NVIDIA and AMD, TSMC's share price may be adversely impacted if cryptocurrency prices continue to sink.

Image source: Getty Images.

Now, if you want as much cryptocurrency mining exposure as possible without actually running your own mining operation, there's the over-the-counter exchange-listed HIVE Blockchain Technologies (NASDAQOTH:HVBTF). This publicly traded cryptocurrency mining firm is currently in the process of ramping up its operations in Sweden and Iceland, and envisions generating approximately $150 million in annual revenue from its operations. Sweden and Iceland offer commercial kilowatt-per-hour electricity prices that are well below the European average. Plus, these are relatively temperate nation's, which may aid in keeping mining equipment cool.

Now here's where things really get interesting. Despite being a crypto mining start-up, HIVE Blockchain already turned a profit in its most recently reported quarter. Sure, the $149,724 in profit was negligible and resulted in $0.00 in earnings per share, but that profit was derived from just over $3 million in quarterly sales. Presumably, HIVE could generate more than 10 times this each quarter when fully ramped up.

The wildcard here is what'll happen to cryptocurrency prices. You see, HIVE Blockchain isn't necessarily selling all of the Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and ZCash tokens that it's mining. It hangs on to some of these coins in the hope that they'll appreciate in value. Thus, investing in a company like HIVE gives an investor direct access to crypto mining margins, as well as the movement in a handful of popular digital currencies.

Like the other companies above, there are also plenty of risks. Given that its business is entirely devoted to crypto mining and lacks sales diversity, investors would need to understand that if virtual currency prices fall considerably, their investment in HIVE could dive. Furthermore, in order to raise capital, it wouldn't be surprising if HIVE Blockchain diluted existing investors with bought-deal offerings. These are the risks that stock investors would have to endure if they wanted direct access to a publicly traded cryptocurrency mining stock.

Read more:
The 4 Top Cryptocurrency Mining Stocks -- The Motley Fool

Enlarge / Simplified figurative process of a Cryptocurrency transaction.

Researchers have defeated a key protection against cryptocurrency theft with a series of attacks that transmit private keys out of digital wallets that are physically separated from the Internet and other networks.

Like most of the other attacks developed by Ben-Gurion University professor Mordechai Guri and his colleagues, the currency wallet exploits start with the already significant assumption that a device has already been thoroughly compromised by malware. Still, the research is significant because it shows that even when devices are airgappedmeaning they aren't connected to any other devices to prevent the leaking of highly sensitive dataattackers may still successfully exfiltrate the information. Past papers have defeated airgaps using a wide array of techniques, including electromagnetic emissions from USB devices, radio signals from a computer's video card, infrared capabilities in surveillance cameras, and sounds produced by hard drives.

On Monday, Guri published a new paper that applies the same exfiltration techniques to "cold wallets," which are not stored on devices connected to the Internet. The most effective techniques take only seconds to siphon a 256-bit Bitcoin key from a wallet running on an infected computer, even though the computer isn't connected to any network. Guri said the possibility of stealing keys that protect millions or billions of dollars is likely to take the covert exfiltration techniques out of the nation-state hacking realm they currently inhabit and possibly bring them into the mainstream.

"I think that the interesting issue is that the airgap attacks that were thought to be exotic issues for high-end attacks may become more widespread," he wrote in an email. "While airgap covert channels might be considered somewhat slow for other types of information, they are very relevant for such brief amounts of information. I want to show the security of 'cold wallet' is not hermetic given the existing airgap covert channels."

One technique can siphon private keys stored in a cold wallet running on a Raspberry Pi, which many security professionals say is one of the best ways to store private cryptocurrency keys. Even if the device became infected, the thinking goes, there's no way for attackers to obtain the private keys because it remains physically isolated from the Internet or other devices. In such cases, users authorize a digital payment in the cold wallet and then use a USB stick or other external media to transfer a file to an online wallet. As the following video demonstrates, it takes only a few seconds for a nearby smartphone under the attacker's control to covertly receive the secret key.

BeatCoin: Leaking bitcoin's private keys from air-gapped wallets.

The technique works by using the Raspberry Pi's general-purpose input/output pins to generate radio signals that transmit the key information. The headphones on the receiving smartphone act as an antenna to improve the radio-frequency signal quality, but in many cases they're not necessary.

A second video defeats a cold wallet running on a computer. It transmits the key by using inaudible, ultrasonic signals. Such inaudible sounds are already being used to covertly track smartphone users as they move about cities. It wouldn't be a stretch to see similar capabilities built into malware that's designed to steal digital coins.

BeatCoin: Leaking bitcoin's private keys from air-gapped wallets.

As already mentioned, the exfiltration techniques described in this post assume the device running the cold wallet is already infected by malware. Still, the widely repeated advice to use cold wallets is designed to protect people against this very scenario.

"We show that, despite the high degree of isolation of cold wallets, motivated attackers can steal the private keys out of the air-gapped wallets," Guri wrote in the new paper. "With the private keys in hand, an attacker virtually owns all of the currency in the wallet."

To protect keys, people should continue to store them in cold wallets whenever possible, but they should consider additional safeguards, including keeping cold wallets away from smartphones, cameras, and other receivers. They should also shield cold-wallet devices with metallic materials that prevent electromagnetic radiation from leaking. Of course, people should also prevent devices from becoming infected in the first place.

See the rest here:
New hacks siphon private cryptocurrency keys from ...

By Tiana Laurence

Part of Blockchain For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cryptocurrencies, sometimes called virtual currencies, digital money/cash, or tokens, are not really like U.S. dollars or British pounds. They live online and are not backed by a government. Theyre backed by their respective networks. Technically speaking, cryptocurrencies are restricted entries in a database. Specific conditions must be met to change these entries. Created with cryptography, the entries are secured with math, not people.

Restricted entries are published into a database, but its a special type of database that is shared by a peer-to-peer network. For example, when you send some Bitcoin to your friend Cara, youre creating and sending a restricted entry into the Bitcoin network. The network makes sure that you havent not the same entry twice; it does this with no central server or authority. Following the same example, the network is making sure that you didnt try to send your friend Cara and your other friend Alice the same Bitcoin.

The peer-to-peer network solves the double-spend problem (you sending the same Bitcoin to two people) in most cases by having every peer have a complete record of the history of all the entries made within the network. The entire history gives the balance of every account including yours. The innovation of cryptocurrency is to achieve agreement on what the history is without a central server or authority.

Entries are the representation of cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrencies are generated by the network in most cases to incentivize the peers, also known as nodes and miners, to work to secure the network and check entries. Each network has a unique way of generating them and distributing them to the peers.

Bitcoin, for example, rewards peers (known as miners on the Bitcoin network) for solving the next block. A block is a group or entries. The solving is finding a hash that connects the new block with the old one. This is where the term blockchain came from. The block is the group of entries, and the chain is the hash. Hashes are a type of cryptologic puzzle. Think of them as Sudoku puzzles that the peers compete to connect the blocks.

Every cryptocurrency is a little different, but most of them share these basic characteristics:

Excerpt from:
What Is Cryptocurrency? - dummies