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Digging into the 3D Quantum Hall Effect – Physics

November 9, 2020• Physics 13, 170

Theorists invoke electron-phonon interactions to explain the recent observation of the quantum Hall effect in a 3D electronic system.

In February 1980, Klaus von Klitzing made a discovery that opened up one of the most exciting chapters in physics history. He had prepared a semiconductor device containing electrons confined to a single layer. This so-called 2D electron gas was already well known to physicists. But when von Klitzing subjected it to very low temperature and very high magnetic field, he found that an intrinsic electronic property, the Hall resistance, occurred only at quantized values that were integer multiples of he2 [1]. The exceptional precision of those values, and their observed insensitivity to sample impurities, ultimately led to the quantum Hall resistance being used to redefine a unit in terms of fundamental constants (see Kilogram Untethered from Early Objects). A perhaps lesser known fact is that physicists have been pursuing a 3D version of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) for 30 years. Experiments achieved success in 2019 [2]. Now, theorists are explaining those results with a model that involves a wave-like electron density. Their picture could help expand the realm of the QHE in 3D [3].

Like a box of chocolates, the QHE comes in many flavors [4]. The behavior seen by von Klitzing is known as the integer QHE. Physicists have since discovered a fractional version, a version that doesnt require a magnetic field, and even a light-induced version. In all cases, the effect is fundamentally tied to the systems two dimensionality. The Hall resistance measures how easily charges moving in an applied electric field can be bent by a perpendicular magnetic field. This resistance, which depends on the occupancy of available electronic states, varies continuously with magnetic field in a typical material. But in a very cold 2D system in a strong enough magnetic field, the Hall resistance only rises in steps (plateaus) because the field forces electrons in the bulk of the material to lie in flat bands with a quantized energy (Landau levels). As long as the Fermi energy, which characterizes the maximum energy of the electron distribution, lies in the gap between the levels, the Hall resistance is stuck at a plateau.

The QHE is difficult to achieve in 3D because the Landau levels spread out in energy along the direction of the magnetic field. As a result, no matter where the Fermi energy lies, the Landau levels (or, more accurately, bands) contribute states, filling the gap and destroying the Hall-resistance plateaus. But in 1987, Bert Halperin proposed that these problems would go away if some intrinsic instability of the materials electronic structure opened a gap in its electronic structure [5]. This instability could, for example, be an induced lattice potential or it could be a charge-density wave (CDW), where electrons form a standing wave pattern instead of being evenly distributed throughout the solid (Fig. 1). This clustering leads to an energy gap, and Halperin predicted that two concrete effects would result from the Fermi energy lying within this gap [5]: the resistivity along the electric field (the longitudinal resistivity) would be dissipationless and drop to zero; and the Hall resistivity would be restricted to the value he2. Here, is set by the period of some internal potential along the direction of the magnetic field, such as the lattice itself or a CDW. These predictions are precise hallmarks for distinguishing the 3D QHE from its 2D counterpart.

Several groups have attempted to see the 3D QHE [69], but none observed Halperins hallmarks. One experimental challenge is the need to find a material with the right kind of instability. Another is that tried-and-true tools for manipulating 2D systems, such as using an electronic gate to tune the carrier concentration and the Fermi level, dont necessarily carry over to 3D. Researchers have tried to build a 3D system from stacks of 2D materials [10]. But the resulting shape of the Fermi surface indicates that the system is still 2D in nature.

The 2019 experiment that succeeded in observing the 3D QHE was performed on the compound ZrTe5 by Fangdong Tang of the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China, and colleagues [2]. The researchers used a magnetic field of around 2 T and cooled their material samples to 0.6 K. Crucially, these samples had high electronic mobilities and the Fermi level could be tuned to the extreme quantum limit, where only the lowest Landau level is occupied. Under these conditions, the experiments showed suppressed longitudinal resistivity and a Hall resistivity plateau that existed between 1.7 and 2.2 T. Moreover, for the plateau was equal to half the Fermi wavelength along the magnetic-field direction for all samples. Since the Fermi wavelength in these experiments was much larger than the lattice constant along the field direction, the researchers concluded that the observed 3D QHE arose from some long-wavelength potential (like a CDW) and not from any crystal potential.

Physicists have puzzled over two points about these new results: the precise mechanism behind the observed 3D QHE and why the Hall plateau exists only within a certain magnetic-field range. The theory from Fang Qin, also of SUSTech, and colleagues addresses both problems [3]. In their model, a magnetically induced CDW is behind the 3D QHE. They find that unlike CDWs that are driven by an electron-electron interaction (which would require very strong magnetic fields), CDWs driven by electron-phonon interaction can explain the experiments. They show that this interaction can create the required instability at the relatively small field of 1.7 T. Their model also predicts that fields above about 2.1 T depin the CDW, making it incommensurate with the crystalline lattice. This feature explains why no resistance plateaus are seen above 2.1 T. The theorists picture thus shows the dual function of the magnetic field: it induces an order parameter (CDW) in one direction and a topological phase (the QHE) in the perpendicular direction.

Decades after the discovery of the QHE, the family of related phenomena continues to spread in new directions. Experiment and theory on the 3D QHE open many possibilities that researchers have yet to tap. As Qin and colleagues suggest [3], the race is on for prospective materials hosting the 3D effect. Finding such materials is a must for this area to bloom. With a suitable handcrafting of the crystal structure and of the electron interactions, researchers may achieve a 3D QHE effect under less stringent experimental conditions, such as at room temperature or perhaps even without an external magnetic field. Chances are that condensed-matter physicists beloved chocolate box is going to offer up more treats.

Luis E. F. Foa Torres is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the University of Chile. Previously, he worked in Argentina, Germany, France, and Italy. His topics of research interest include quantum transport, two-dimensional materials, topological insulators, electron-phonon interaction effects, and the physics of driven systems. He received the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Prize in 2018.

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Physicists Circumvent 178-Year Old Theory to Cancel Magnetic Fields – SciTechDaily

The ability to cancel magnetic fields has benefits in quantum technology, biomedicine, and neurology.

A team of scientists including two physicists at the University of Sussex has found a way to circumvent a 178-year old theory which means they can effectively cancel magnetic fields at a distance. They are the first to be able to do so in a way that has practical benefits.

The work is hoped to have a wide variety of applications. For example, patients with neurological disorders such as Alzheimers or Parkinsons might in the future receive a more accurate diagnosis. With the ability to cancel out noisy external magnetic fields, doctors using magnetic field scanners will be able to see more accurately what is happening in the brain.

The study Tailoring magnetic fields in inaccessible regions is published in Physical Review Letters. It is an international collaboration between Dr. Mark Bason and Jordi Prat-Camps at the University of Sussex, and Rosa Mach-Batlle and Nuria Del-Valle from the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and other institutions.

Earnshaws Theorem from 1842 limits the ability to shape magnetic fields. The team were able to calculate an innovative way to circumvent this theory in order to effectively cancel other magnetic fields which can confuse readings in experiments.

In practical terms, they achieved this through creating a device comprised of a careful arrangement of electrical wires. This creates additional fields and so counteracts the effects of the unwanted magnetic field. Scientists have been struggling with this challenge for years but now the team has found a new strategy to deal with these problematic fields. While a similar effect has been achieved at much higher frequencies, this is the first time it has been achieved at low frequencies and static fields such as biological frequencies which will unlock a host of useful applications.

Other possible future applications for this work include:

Dr. Rosa Mach-Batlle, the lead author on the paper from the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, said: Starting from the fundamental question of whether it was possible or not to create a magnetic source at a distance, we came up with a strategy for controlling magnetism remotely that we believe could have a significant impact in technologies relying on the magnetic field distribution in inaccessible regions, such as inside of a human body.

Dr. Mark Bason from the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Sussex said: Weve discovered a way to circumvent Earnshaws theorem which many people didnt imagine was possible. As a physicist, thats pretty exciting. But its not just a theoretical exercise as our research might lead to some really important applications: more accurate diagnosis for Motor Neurone Disease patients in the future, for example, better understanding of dementia in the brain, or speeding the development of quantum technology.

Reference: Tailoring Magnetic Fields in Inaccessible Regions by Rosa Mach-Batlle, Mark G. Bason, Nuria Del-Valle and Jordi Prat-Camps, 23 October 2020, Physical Review Letters.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.177204

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SAP HANA Hosting Super-Powered by WorldPosta’s Cloud "Pool of Resources" – PR Web

SAP HANA requires working on multiple VMs with abundant computing resources, WorldPosta MyCloud hosting platform provides extreme pool of resources to host multiple VMs simultaneously.

NORTH YORK, Ontario (PRWEB) November 07, 2020

WorldPosta has recently launched MyCloud as a cloud hosting solution that boasts of pool of resources approach. Simply said, it combines the advantages of on premises datacenter and cloud virtualized datacenters. The pool of resources is a modern approach of cloud computing that enables business to have a combination of powerful infrastructure on the cloud, which perfectly suits SAP HANA system. Its solution gives the users the capability to scale the resources up or down via a brilliant, clear portal.

Hosting SAP on Pool of ResourcesUnlike cloud/SAP hosting providers that offer pre-designated VMs, you get the pool of resources you need to build VMs yourself. You can also calculate the resources and compare the prices with other elite competitors.

With this new solution, businesses can fully control these resources by building up virtual machines that suit SAP HANA architecture. You can also deploy the operating system (OS) that perfectly suits your provisions and SAP workloads. Via MyCloud portal, you will be able combine your resources, build virtual datacenters and virtual machines, and manage and interconnect them all.

WorldPosta utilizes the capabilities of the latest premier technologies powered by VMware hypervisor as they are certified by SAP for SAP HANA production environments.

Enterprises can use just the resources they need, neither more or less. MyCloud is easily scalable and elastic to adjust and tailor the resources of the VMs and reallocate them whenever needed. It also allows for testing the environment custom-make the resources based on a proven performance.

Hosting SAP HANA on MyCloud MyCloud offers features and solutions that help leverage the capabilities of SAP HANA DB and App to deliver data-driven, real-time analytics:

You can easily reach out to one of WorldPostas representative and book a free demo to learn more about the service and configure the SAP hosting environment.

About WorldPostaWorldPosta is an industry-leading, innovative platform that provides cloud services from email hosting, business collaboration, to cloud computing hosting, including hosting SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics applications, among other numerous ERP and CRM systems, and deploying their workloads. Additionally, it provides businesses with a dynamic economic environment that features CloudSpace Drive, CloudSpace Talk, and Online Office Suite.

WorldPosta helps accelerate the value of the cloud with a streamlined approach that boasts of elasticity and scalability. With its technical support that is available 24/7, WorldPosta guarantees the 99.9% uptime.

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Global Cloud Hosting Service Market 2020 | Know the Companies List Could Potentially Benefit or Loose out From the Impact of COVID-19 | Top Companies:…

The latest Cloud Hosting Servicemarket report estimates the opportunities and current market scenario, providing insights and updates about the corresponding segments involved in the global Cloud Hosting Servicemarket for the forecast period of 2020-2026. The report provides detailed assessment of key market dynamics and comprehensive information about the structure of the Cloud Hosting Serviceindustry. This market study contains exclusive insights into how the global Cloud Hosting Servicemarket is predicted to grow during the forecast period.

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Breakup by Application:

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The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; emergency declared in many countries; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market unpredictability; falling business assurance, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.

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What is the market size of the Cloud Hosting Service industry?This report covers the historical market size of the industry (2013-2019), and forecasts for 2020 and the next 5 years. Market size includes the total revenues of companies.

What is the outlook for the Cloud Hosting Service industry?This report has over a dozen market forecasts (2020 and the next 5 years) on the industry, including total sales, a number of companies, attractive investment opportunities, operating expenses, and others.

What industry analysis/data exists for the Cloud Hosting Service industry?This report covers key segments and sub-segments, key drivers, restraints, opportunities and challenges in the market and how they are expected to impact the Cloud Hosting Service industry. Take a look at the table of contents below to see the scope of analysis and data on the industry.

How many companies are in the Cloud Hosting Service industry?This report analyzes the historical and forecasted number of companies, locations in the industry, and breaks them down by company size over time. The report also provides company rank against its competitors with respect to revenue, profit comparison, operational efficiency, cost competitiveness, and market capitalization.

What are the financial metrics for the industry?This report covers many financial metrics for the industry including profitability, Market value- chain and key trends impacting every node with reference to companys growth, revenue, return on sales, etc.

What are the most important benchmarks for the Cloud Hosting Service industry?Some of the most important benchmarks for the industry include sales growth, productivity (revenue), operating expense breakdown, the span of control, organizational make-up. All of which youll find in this market report.

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Create your own VPN for pennies with the cheapest virtual compute instance around – TechRadar

French cloud hosting company Scaleway, has announced a new cloud instance that only costs a meagre quarter of a Euro cent (thats 0.0025) per hour.

Dubbed Stardust, cloud instances created with the new service come with certain limits. For starters, with Stardust you can only get a single virtual CPU with 1GB of RAM, 10GB of local storage, a single IPv4 address and up to 100Mbps of bandwidth.

The service hasnt clarified what happens when you exceed that bandwidth, but were guessing youll just be charged for any additional use.

Billed by the hour, Stardust would cost 1.80 per month or about $2.10.

Scaleway also stated that every service, feature, and scenario currently available for its DEV1-S instances will also be available on the Stardust instances.

Also, like with other Scaleway instances, Stardust instances can also be isolated from the public network using the Private Networks service.

But dont think about utilizing the service to spin up tons of instances and build your own infrastructure. Scaleway limits every account to a maximum of two Stardust instances, with one in Paris and another in Amsterdam.

Even with these limits there are lots of possibilities of using the service. You can, for instance, use it to collaborate with a small group of people by hosting a LAMP web app like a wiki or even a code repository. Individual users can also use it to deploy an OpenVPN server to surf anonymously.

If you can think of some use cases for the cheap cloud instance, you might have to rush to sign up for an account. Scaleway has pointed out that it will only release a limited batch of Stardust cloud instances every month.

It seems Scaleway hopes to use Stardust to draw in and sign up new users, who then might upgrade to one of its other services.

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Web Hosting Services Market 2020 and Forecast 2021-2027 Includes Business Impact Analysis of COVID-19 – Eurowire

Trusted Business Insights answers what are the scenarios for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis for the Web Hosting Services market.

Trusted Business Insights presents an updated and Latest Study on Web Hosting Services Market 2020-2029. The report contains market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While emphasizing the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.The report further elaborates on the micro and macroeconomic aspects including the socio-political landscape that is anticipated to shape the demand of the Web Hosting Services market during the forecast period (2020-2029).It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

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Report Overview: Global Web Hosting Services Market

The global web hosting services market size was valued at USD 45.6 billion in 2020 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.4% from 2021 to 2027. Web hosting services can be categorized into various types such as shared, colocation, dedicated, and Virtual Private Server (VPS). The service allows enterprises and individuals to leverage a website over the internet to publish their business-related as well as personalized content. A growing number of organizations across the globe are anticipated to bolster the market growth over the forecast period 2021-2027. These organizations publish their websites over the internet to increase their online presence as well as for marketing purposes.

Over the past few years, the number of startups companies across the globe is growing at a rapid rate. Governments of various developing and developed nations are providing financial and non-financial support for the small business entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses. For instance, the U.S. federal government provides various funding programs such as Women-Owned Small Businesses (WOSB) Federal Contracting and USDA Rural Business Enterprise Grant Program to small business owners. Such government initiatives have motivated more entrepreneurs to start new businesses in the country. Moreover, to sustain their businesses in a highly competitive environment, these entrepreneurs seek an omnichannel sales model. The omnichannel sales model enables them to maximize the extent of their customer base by offering their entire product portfolios through the internet globally. Therefore, the growth of such small businesses is expected to increase market growth.

The growth in the business activities of the organizations boosts the growth of the market for web hosting services. As the business grows, the company websites start getting more traffic. It becomes difficult to handle the increased traffic if the company is using a shared server. Therefore, to suffice the requirement of the increased traffic, the company has to switch to some other type of hosting such as dedicated or colocation. However, the company can also choose any different kind of hosting service that it deems fit for the organization and their workloads.

The low availability of funds coupled with the growing safety and security requirements of the large and small companies has resulted in the switch to cloud-based solutions or services. The advantages of cloud hosting, including the low infrastructure cost and increased uptime, has resulted in an increased inclination towards cloud hosting. Additionally, website hosting service providers offer three kinds of cloud hosting services, including public cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud. All of these cloud solutions offer varied benefits; however, the hybrid cloud services are becoming the most opted option among the end users.

Furthermore, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased internet activity. Most of the businesses have started to leverage internet services for conducting business operations. Additionally, the outbreak has made individuals spend more time over the internet for writing blogs, making fitness videos, among other activities, and posting them over the internet. Moreover, the growing inclination towards online purchasing, as an outcome of the pandemic, will encourage increased investments by end users developing a robust IT infrastructure and business models. Besides, several market players are actively taking initiatives to provide support to small businesses during this unprecedented time. For instance, GoDaddy Operating Company, LLC is giving temporary free access to the companys several tools including marketing tools, social media designing using smartphones, and educating the users about websites and digital marketing.Type Insights

In terms of revenue, the shared hosting segment lead the market with a revenue share of 37.64% in 2019. This high share is attributed to the high adoption rate of shared hosting servers, especially among the small and medium enterprises. Most of the small and medium businesses prefer this type of hosting owing to the low website traffic that they receive. Additionally, these SMEs are present in large numbers across every region and represent more than 90% share out of the total number of businesses. Although the cost associated with shared hosting is lower as compared to any other type of hosting, however, a large number of SMEs, as well as individuals, are opting for shared hosting. Therefore, this segment holds the highest share in the market.

As the businesses grow and companies start to get more web traffic, they opt to shift from shared hosting to different other types of hosting services, including VPS, dedicated, or cloud hosting, among others. Large organizations generally opt dedicated hosting as they need to cater to a very high amount of web traffic. Another reason for opting dedicated hosting is the budget availability as the cost associated with it is quite high. Due to budget constraints, small or medium organizations find it challenging to choose dedicated servers for their business requirements. However, the high levels of security and uptime that dedicated hosting offers is expected to contribute to the decent growth rate of the segment.

Application Insights: Global Web Hosting Services Market

In terms of revenue, the public website segment lead the web hosting services market with a share of 52.48% in 2019. This high share is attributed to the fact that most of the websites are accessible to everyone across the globe. Therefore, companies prefer to host their websites in a way that they can target a huge chunk of the general population in order to sell their products or solutions. However, companies also use intranet websites that are widely preferred for their internal employees. Some of the examples of intranet websites include huddle, Microsoft SharePoint, Jostle, and Igloo.

Nowadays, the internet penetration rate and use of smartphones are increasing rapidly across the globe. This has resulted in a rapid shift in consumer buying patterns as they prefer to buy products or services online and get them delivered at their doorsteps. Therefore, companies especially engaged in e-commerce businesses have started to widen their sales channel by providing the products through mobile applications. This helps the e-commerce companies provide their customers easy access to their online stores through using their cellphones. As a result, it is anticipated to see the modest growth of this segment in near future.

Deployment Insights: Global Web Hosting Services Market

In terms of revenue, the public segment lead the market with a share of 43.84% in 2019. This high share can be attributed to the benefits such as low cost as well as high scalability that public cloud offers. Due to these benefits, the small and medium sized businesses choose this type of services to host their websites. Moreover, the public segment primarily includes shared web hosting and public cloud hosting services.

The hybrid segment is expected to witness the highest CAGR over the forecast period. The high growth can be attributed to the advantages that hybrid cloud offers in comparison with the public and private cloud. Hybrid cloud provides a higher level of security as well as uptime when compared with the public cloud. Also, the cost associated with the hybrid cloud is lower than the price of a private cloud. Additionally, companies all over the globe are increasingly inclined towards opting hybrid cloud hosting services as it allows them to leverage the flexibility that cloud offers. This includes connecting the on-premise private cloud and third-party, public cloud into one single and flexible infrastructure. This infrastructure allows the organization to select an optimal cloud platform for each workload and application. It also allows switching of workloads between the public and private cloud.

End-user Insights: Global Web Hosting Services Market

In terms of revenue, the enterprise segment lead the market with a share of 90.46% in 2019. This high share can be attributed to the increasing focus of enterprises on expanding their business presence through online channels. The significantly growing customer preference for online shopping is the primary factor creating vast opportunities for these businesses to focus on online channels. Therefore, the growing customers inclination towards online purchasing is expected to bolster the market for web hosted services from 2020 to 2027.

Large enterprises have maximum adoption of website hosting services to manage their large business operations. These enterprises, although fewer in number as compared to SMEs, occupy considerable share in the market. Also, these businesses usually opt for a premium and highly secured web hosting plan such as dedicated hosting, which aids in managing the organizations huge online traffic. Besides, most of the e-commerce websites also prefer dedicated hosting services due to deliver enhanced security to their websites.

Regional Insights: Global Web Hosting Services Market

North America lead the market with a revenue share of 35.28% in 2019. This high share can be attributed to the U.S. market, which has the greatest number of websites available on the internet. Besides, several key market players including Amazon Web Services, Google, LLC, and GoDaddy Operating Company, LLC, have a significant presence in the regional market.

Europe is anticipated to witness a CAGR of more than 15% from 2021 to 2027. Countries such as Germany and the U.K. are contributing to the high growth rate in this region. Out of the total websites/domains hosted online as of 2018, Germany had a total of more than 7 million domains. Additionally, the European government is investing in building a more secure and reliable IT infrastructure following the ransomware cyberattack WannaCry, in May 2017. The growing investments in developing the IT infrastructure by the governments of various developed and developing nations is also contributing to the market growth. Further, the growing digitalization and demand for online delivery websites, are the factors anticipated to spur the market growth.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights: Global Web Hosting Services Market

Keyplayers provide hosting services to a large number of companies to publish their websites online. Additionally, these players are focusing to increase their market shares by adopting strategies that include investments, new product & service launches, partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions. For instance, in September 2019, GoDaddy Operating Company, LLC announced the launch of the companys new websites and marketing service. This new service is designed to be the one-stop solution for companies where they can create their website and also market it. Some of the prominent players in the global web hosting services market include:

Key companies Profiled: Global Web Hosting Services Market Report

This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2016 to 2027. For the purpose of this study, Trusted Business Insights has segmented the global web hosting services market report on the basis of type, application, deployment, end user, and region:

Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2016 2027)

Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2016 2027)

Deployment Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2016 2027)

End-user Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2016 2027)

Looking for more? Check out our repository for all available reports on Web Hosting Services in related sectors.

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How IONOS is looking towards privacy and Europe for a solid share of the cloud market – Cloud Tech

The hyperscale providers continue to dominate the cloud infrastructure and hosting market. According to industry watcher Synergy Research in May, the combined market share of Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft and Google alone was 56%.

Yet one area has the potential to cause concern and it has pricked the ears of other players looking to capitalise.

In August, CloudTech reported on the ending of the Privacy Shield agreement by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The EU-US initiative aimed to provide companies on both sides of the Atlantic with a mechanism to comply with data protection requirements in support of transatlantic commerce. Yet this was ruled as invalid by the ECJ after a challenge by privacy advocate Max Schrems, citing inadequate US security laws.

The use of Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs), a mechanism used by companies to move EU user data to the US for processing, was not explicitly curtailed as part of the ruling. Legal experts saw this as a reprieve in name only, without additional protections from US government surveillance. The European Commission is to issue new SCCs and guidance by the end of this year.

This concern has been brought about partly through the the US CLOUD Act (Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data), passed in 2018, which enables US government agencies to ask a US court to issue a warrant demanding that suppliers subject to US law hand over data they store for customers, even if that data is stored outside the United States, including the EU.

The result is that companies are questioning their relationships with the US-headquartered hyperscalers. For cloud providers such as IONOS, part of the web hosting brand 1&1, an opportunity has clearly arisen.

Were CLOUD Act-safe because were based out of Berlin, Sab Knight, UK & Ireland head of sales at IONOS (left), tells CloudTech. If the US authorities knocked on our door and said [they] wanted a clients data, the best case is they would need to go to the German authorities and subpoena them.

The selling point for smaller, niche providers traditionally comes in the form of lower latency and to a certain extent data sovereignty. IONOS cloud platform is aimed at small and medium businesses promising transparent prices, maximum data privacy in certified data centres, an unbeatable backbone connection, simple use and reliable live vertical scaling.

For Knight, informing clients and prospects of these enhanced opportunities forms a large part of his teams role. Youd like to think my sales team should just concentrate on selling cloud solutions, but today its actually about educating clients more about their data and data privacy, Privacy Shield, and GDPR, he says. I spend more time training teams about these arguments and conversations; the technical bits are now more led by solution engineers than salespeople.

Knight also looks to educate in a more general sense by speaking at industry events, including the Cyber Security & Cloud Expo, in March next year. At one event, Knight recalls how one attendee came over with his mouth open [he] just didnt realise the gravity of the situation he was in.

Yet for companies such as IONOS, they are not just competing against the panoply of features the hyperscalers possess, but the brand recognition. You may have the best thing since sliced bread, Knight notes, but if youre not AWS, then you hit a brick wall.

Its like the 1980s when IBM was selling these really expensive computers, and youd find these IBM-compatible machines for a fraction of the price, he says. Yet a manager back in the 80s would just buy IBM because you wouldnt get fired for buying IBM.

Ive come across that same conversation no offence, but youre not AWS. If [I] have an outage with IONOS, my boss is going to sack me, but if I have an outage with AWS, theyll just give me a slap on the wrist,' Knight adds.

IONOS has written extensively on its company blog around the perceived threats of the CLOUD Act, GDPR and Privacy Shield. In one post, from this time last year, the company noted the CLOUD Act clearly contradicts the aims of the GDPR. In a globalised world, the law is ever more complicated, and ever more important. But the advantages of digitisation are something that no company can do without, the company wrote.

There are European providers who operate their cloud solutions in accordance with European data protection regulations. Trusting a business partner, as well as having the possibility to effectively enforce legal disputes ensures digital control and security for your business even for medium-sized companies that do not have a large legal department or the resources to expand for one.

Knight is keen to stress that these claims should not just be taken at face value due diligence and research is required on the legal ramifications. The hyperscalers, particularly after the Privacy Shield ruling, said they could back up claims of their clouds security and privacy, be they AWS, Azure or Google.

Yet Knight again looks back in time to envisage how things will move forward. If you look back in the 1990s, it was mainly American companies that were doing all the hosting, he explains. Small UK hosting companies then started to appear, saying why host in the US where there are terrible latencies?

In the same way it created the whole industry for hosting companies in the UK back in the early 2000s for latency and speed, youre going to see the same happen again because of data.

Photo by Christian Lue on Unsplash

Interested in hearing industry leaders discuss subjects like this and sharing their experiences and use-cases? Attend theCyber Security & Cloud Expo World Serieswith upcoming events in Silicon Valley, London and Amsterdam to learn more.

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Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Research, Size, Share Analysis by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application to 2026 – PRnews Leader

In4Researchs latest market research report on theCloud Infrastructure Services market, with the help of a complete viewpoint, provides readers with an estimation of the global market landscape. This report on the Cloud Infrastructure Services market analyzes the scenario for the period of 2020 to 2026, wherein, 2019 is the base year. This report enables readers to make important decisions regarding their business, with the help of a variety of information enclosed in the study.

This report on the Cloud Infrastructure Services market also provides data on the developments made by important key companies and stakeholders in the market, along with competitive intelligence. The report also covers an understanding of strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities, along with the market trends and restraints in the landscape.

Questions Answered in Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Report:

Request for a sample copy of the report to get extensive insights into Cloud Infrastructure Services market @https://www.in4research.com/sample-request/1172 Based on Product type, Cloud Infrastructure Services market can be segmented as:

Based on Application,Cloud Infrastructure Services market can be segmented:

The Cloud Infrastructure Services industry study concludes with a list of leading companies/suppliers operating in this industry at different stages of the value chain.

List of key players profiled in the report:

If you are planning to invest into new products or trying to understand this growing market, this report is your starting point.

Ask for more details or request custom reports from our industry experts @https://www.in4research.com/customization/1172

Regional Overview & Analysis of Cloud Infrastructure Services Market:

Analysis of COVID-19 Impact & Post Pandemic Opportunities in Cloud Infrastructure Services Market:The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought along a global recession, which has impacted several industries. Along with this impact COVID Pandemic has also generated few new business opportunities for Cloud Infrastructure Services market. Overall competitive landscape and market dynamics of Cloud Infrastructure Services has been disrupted due to this pandemic. All these disruptions and impacts has been analysed quantifiably in this report, which is backed by market trends, events and revenue shift analysis. COVID impact analysis also covers strategic adjustments for Tier 1, 2 and 3 players of Cloud Infrastructure Services market.

Table of Content: Global Cloud Infrastructure Services Market

Chapter 1. Research Objective1.1 Objective, Definition & Scope1.2 Methodology1.2.1 Primary Research1.2.2 Secondary Research1.2.3 Market Forecast Estimation & Approach1.2.4 Assumptions & Assessments1.3 Insights and Growth Relevancy Mapping1.3.1 FABRIC Platform1.4 Data mining & efficiency

Chapter 2. Executive Summary2.1 Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Overview2.2 Interconnectivity & Related markets2.3 Ecosystem Map2.4 Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Business Segmentation2.5 Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Geographic Segmentation2.6 Competition Outlook2.7 Key Statistics

Chapter 3. Strategic Analysis3.1 Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Revenue Opportunities3.2 Cost Optimization3.3 Covid19 aftermath Analyst view3.4 Cloud Infrastructure Services Market Digital Transformation

Chapter 4. Market Dynamics4.1 DROC4.1.1 Drivers4.1.2 Restraints4.1.3 Opportunities4.1.4 Challenges4.2 PEST Analysis4.2.1 Political4.2.2 Economic4.2.3 Social4.2.4 Technological4.3 Market Impacting Trends4.3.1 Positive Impact Trends4.3.2 Adverse Impact Trends4.4 Porters 5-force Analysis4.5 Market News By Segments4.5.1 Organic News4.5.2 Inorganic News

Chapter 5. Segmentation & Statistics5.1 Segmentation Overview5.2 Demand Forecast & Market Sizing

Any Questions/Queries or need help? Speak with our analyst: https://www.in4research.com/speak-to-analyst/1172

FOR ALL YOUR RESEARCH NEEDS, REACH OUT TO US AT:Contact Name: Rohan S.Email:[emailprotected]

Phone:+1 (407) 768-2028

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Cloud Computing Market Analysis, COVID-19 Impact,Outlook, Opportunities, Size, Share Forecast and Supply Demand 2021-2027|Trusted Business Insights -…

Trusted Business Insights answers what are the scenarios for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis for the Cloud Computing market.

Trusted Business Insights presents an updated and Latest Study on Cloud Computing Market 2020-2029. The report contains market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While emphasizing the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.The report further elaborates on the micro and macroeconomic aspects including the socio-political landscape that is anticipated to shape the demand of the Cloud Computing market during the forecast period (2020-2029).It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

Get Sample Copy of this Report @ Cloud Computing Market 2020 and Forecast 2021-2027 Includes Business Impact Analysis of COVID-19

Report Overview: Cloud Computing Market

The global cloud computing market size was valued at USD 155.9 billion in 2020 and is expected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.8% from 2021 to 2027. Factors such as growing digital transformation among industries, rising penetration of internet and mobile devices across the world, and increase in consumption of big data are the primary drivers fostering the market growth. The development of next-generation industrial solutions will be cloud enhanced and require a cloud platform to showcase their digital business capabilities. Rise in adoption of Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, 5G, use of real-time analytics enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) is likely to boost the utility of this computing technology among organizations.

Cloud computing services cover a large number of functions, from the basics of storage, processing, and networking power through artificial intelligenceand Natural Language Processing (NLP) as well as standard office applications. It is estimated that by 2022, more computing power will be offered and deployed by Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) service vendors than by enterprise data centers. The industrial data suggest that deployment of these services is able to increase enterprise savings up to 35% of their annual operating costs. Moreover, other factors include functional capabilities that will help boost the business performances of the organizations.

As per the World Economic Forum, the fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by a fusion of technologies such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, and cloud computing. AI and cloud computing will complement each other along with IoT to improve technology and catalyze growth. Organizations across various verticals are proactively integrating cloud computing with these evolving technologies. For instance, in March 2019, Stelco Holdings Inc., a Canada-based steel company, partnered with Canvas Analytics Inc., to utilize the latters AI-enabled industrial IoT cloud platform to transform the formers operational data into actionable insights with the help of the real-time analytics solutions. Similarly, in the healthcare industry, Nuance Communications Inc.s., cloud-hosted PowerScribe One platform uses AI to aid in diagnostics and decision support for radiologists.

An important aspect of the market is the growing adoption by large enterprises as well as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). With the growing demand for on-demand and need-based services, this computing has helped SMEs to compete in much larger business space. Moreover, the pay per subscription-based model offered by the service providers has provided SMEs the flexibility to grow to their full potential. Despite some market barriers such as security concerns and legacy systems, the market is anticipated to maintain a high growth pace in coming years.

Data security and privacy remains a primary concern among organizations wherein storage, use of information, and transmission must be digitally protected. Surveys suggest that about 60% of the business-sensitive information on hard drives is held insecurely. Data encryption, authorization management, access control, cloud integration, communication security, monitoring and auditing, and business continuity services are some of the important security services offered by the services vendors. For instance, vendors such as Google LLP, Microsoft Corporation, and Amazon.com Inc. provide 99.9% uptime, which relieves organizations from the burden of creating and maintaining recovery facilities and backup infrastructure.

COVID19 Impact Insights: Cloud Computing Market

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus), a pandemic declared by the World Health Organization, has gravely impacted the economies worldwide. Major cities across the globe have been lockdown with operations of industries being temporarily suspended, and national governments being put in crisis mode. Thereupon, the employees across various industries especially dependent on IT services, have to work remotely to keep the businesses moving.IT resources enabled by cloud computing technology will enhance the access to data services and improve the connectivity between people and businesses on a global scale. Various media companies, financial establishments, educational institutions, and global enterprises will be able to operate and run applications for their customers and users on variety of mobile devices. In the wake of COVID-19 calamity, the work environments that can be operated remotely in technology-driven companies is likely to be benefitted by the cloud technology for a long period of time. This is also subsequently expected to favorably impact the market growth.

Service Insights: Cloud Computing Market

Software as a Service (SaaS) segment lead the cloud computing market with a share of over 54% in 2019 owing to its flexible costs, easy maintenance, and deployment. The industry estimates suggest that there is a rise in the number of companies moving towards cloud with 73% of enterprises moving almost all of their applications to SaaS platform. In addition, the IT industry survey suggests that by 2022, around 60% of the enterprises will utilize an external service providers cloud-managed service offering, which is twice the percentage of organizations from 2018. The IaaS and PaaS type segments have witnessed a steady demand owing to the adoption these services by numerous industry verticals across the world.

The growth of SaaS products will witness strong growth in the coming years as their Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) will equal to that of the on-premise deployment models. In 2018 alone, around 169 SaaS-based acquisitions took place with mean acquisition price standing at USD 1.3 billion. Qualtrics International Inc. by SAP SE (USD 8 billion) and GitHub Inc. by Microsoft Corporation (USD 7.5 billion) were the major acquisitions, recently witnessed in the industry. More mergers and acquisitions, the establishment of innovative startups in the cloud computing arena is likely to propel the market growth over the forecast period 2021-2027.

Workload Insights: Cloud Computing Market

The market is segmented on the basis of workload into application development and testing, data storage and backup, resource management, orchestration services, and others. The resource management segment accounted for the largest market share in 2019, owing to the benefits such as simplicity and low cost of ownership due to the multi-tenancy model over various cloud solutions. Increasing data-intensive workloads, infrastructure advancements to support large-scale execution of workflows, and development of hybrid cloud will increase the utility of resource management segment. Moreover, research and scientific establishments, and government institutions will be benefitted most by the utilization of cloud for resource management applications.

Application development and testing is likely to be the fastest-growing segment owing to the ongoing migration of applications over the cloud in various industry verticals and worldwide penetration of internet and mobile devices. In 2017, the Apple App store offered around 2 million different apps for download while Google Play offered approximately 2.2 million apps. The applications on cloud are being developed at an exponential rate across a range of verticals including entertainment, personal fitness, and education. Moreover, driven by customer demand for multi-dimensional testing of applications across various platforms enabled by cloud, DevOps, and Testing as a Service (TaaS), the app development and the testing segment is likely to gain traction in the coming years.

Enterprise Size Insights: Cloud Computing Market

Based on enterprise size, the market is bifurcated into large enterprises and SMEs. Large enterprises accounted for the major market share in 2019 owing to lower operating costs, better collaboration, increased flexibility, and improved time to market. Enterprises till now were using cloud for developing applications and hosting infrastructure, however, they are now utilizing cloud to modernize core business applications and processes. As per the estimates made by Cisco Systems Inc., more than 94% of the workloads will be processed through cloud data centers by 2021.

However, SMEs is estimated to be the fastest-growing segment during the forecast period owing to the flexible pricing models offered by CSPs, boost in employee productivity, and improvement in collaboration and innovation. The IT industry survey reports that by the end of 2018, 88% of the SMEs have been using at least one cloud service and is likely to increase rapidly in the coming years. The SMEs are widely using the technology for marketing, financial management, project management, and building customer relationships, among others. However, the top priorities for the enterprises adopting cloud are managing and optimizing cloud costs, setting policies for cloud use, and deciding the choice of cloud to run particular applications.

End-Use Insights: Cloud Computing Market

The market is segmented on the basis of end-use into BFSI, IT and telecom, manufacturing, retail and consumer goods, media and entertainment, and government and public sector, among others. BFSI sector accounted for the largest market share in 2019 owing to the adoption of cloud services for storage and management of customer data. Factors such as interoperability, secure storage, and 247 uptime, among others have helped BFSI sector to focus more on the customer-centric business model and digitalization of trade and wealth. Furthermore, services such as payment gateways, online fund transfer, digital wallets, and unified customer experience will play a significant role in the BFSI industry, facilitating the overall shift to cloud deployment.

Manufacturing industry is estimated to be the prime adopter of the cloud services owing to benefits such as seamless data management and real-time visibility offered by this technology. Moreover, the manufacturing sector uses these computing services for managing services, planning enterprise resources, handling supply chain management, and storing information related to enterprise manufacturing. In addition, this computing technology will play a major role in enabling and democratizing new manufacturing production systems such as generative design, 3D printing, and IIoT. Moreover, the industries report that digital services such as cloud computing provides around 25% of the total inputs to manufacture a finished product.

Deployment Insights: Cloud Computing Market

Public, private, and hybrid are the types of deployment methods used by industry players. Public deployment accounted for the major market share in 2019 and is predicted to maintain its dominance over the coming period. The scalability and flexibility of cloud technology, security aspects, and control over the data center are some of the prime factors that will boost the utility of technology. As per the tech industry experts, around 60% of workloads are run on a hosted cloud service as of 2019.

Hybrid deployment with an integrated environment including public and private models will present a significant growth rate in the coming years. Hybrid model has been emerging as the most preferred implementation model among industries that will drive the progression of the cloud industry. The industry insights reveal that around 77% of the global enterprise infrastructure decision-makers who are planning, upgrading, or implementing cloud technology prefer hybrid environment. Moreover, the combination of edge computing and hybrid cloud computing will add value proposition to organizations wherein, hybrid platform will aggregate the relevant data and edge computing will support processing and real-time analytics seamlessly.

Regional Insights: Cloud Computing Market

North America lead the market with a share of 49% in 2019 owing to early adoption of cloud computing solutions. Presence of numerous vendors in the region such as Microsoft Corporation; Oracle Corporation; Amazon.com Inc.; and IBM Corporation coupled with the higher propensity to adopt new technologies is expected to help these regions strengthen their market positions. The European market follows North America owing to high adoption of cloud computing in countries such as Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, and Finland. The European countries have become a hub for technology development, particularly in the financial sector, which attracts billions of dollars in investment across the globe.

Asia Pacific region is likely to be the fastest-growing region in the market over the forecast period. The rapid growth of China and India coupled with emergence of regional players such as Alibaba Group has had a positive impact in the regional market growth in recent years. Moreover, to meet data sovereignty needs of the governments, hyper-scale cloud providers such as Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google LLP are establishing their data centers in markets such as Indonesia and Thailand. Moreover, the formation of the Asia Cloud Computing Association, a forum based in the APAC region with the collaboration of Cisco Systems, EMC Corporation, Microsoft, Alcatel-Lucent, NetApp, Rackspace, REACH, Telenor, Nokia Siemens Networks, Verizon, and PLDT/Smart is likely to boost the regional market growth.Cloud Computing Market Share Insights

are some of the prominent players present in the market. Partnerships, strategic mergers and acquisitions are anticipated to be the most effective way for industry players to gain quick access in emerging markets and enhance technological capabilities. Also, product differentiation and up-gradation is expected to pave the way for the development of companies in the market. Moreover, the rising startup culture and transport analytics startups such as Databricks; Uptake Technologies Inc.; Rubrik; D2iQ, Inc.; Vlocity Inc.; Confluent Inc.; Stratoscale; and SecurityScorecard will pose potential competition in the market.

In February 2020, Google LLP acquired Cornerstone Technology, a Netherlands-based company specialized in migrating enterprises workloads from mainframes to the public cloud. The acquisition is expected to help Google LLP to enhance its solutions and increase its customer base across the European region. In October 2018, IBM acquired the worlds leading open-source cloud software provider Red Hat. With the acquisition of Red Hat, IBM is now able to expand its cloud computing offerings to a broader range of clients.This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2016 to 2027. For the purpose of this study, Trusted Business Insights has segmented the global cloud computing market report on the basis of service, workload, deployment, enterprise size, end-use, and region:

Service Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2016 2027)

Workload Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2016 2027)

Application Development & Testing

Data Storage & Backup

Deployment Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2016 2027)

Enterprise Size Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2016 2027)

Small & Medium Enterprise

End-Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2016 2027)

IT & Telecom

Retail & Consumer Goods

Energy & Utilities

Media & Entertainment

Government & Public Sector

Looking for more? Check out our repository for all available reports on Cloud Computing in related sectors.

Quick Read Table of Contents of this Report @ Cloud Computing Market 2020 and Forecast 2021-2027 Includes Business Impact Analysis of COVID-19

Trusted Business InsightsShelly ArnoldMedia & Marketing ExecutiveEmail Me For Any ClarificationsConnect on LinkedInClick to follow Trusted Business Insights LinkedIn for Market Data and Updates.US: +1 646 568 9797UK: +44 330 808 0580

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What is web hosting? – Creative Bloq

Whether you want to build your own website, or pay a web designer or agency to build one for you, youll have heard people talk about the need to get web hosting. But what is web hosting, why do you need it, and where can you get it?

In this article, well provide the answer to all of these questions and more, in a jargon-free way that is easy to understand. Read on, and discover everything you need to know about getting web hosting for your site and how to choose the best website hosting services.

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Web hosting is the place where all the data of your website the text, the images, the video, and so on is stored, and delivered to those people who wish to access it via the web.

In the very early days of the web, some people would actually host their website on their own computers. And technically you could still do this. But in practice, most home computers arent powerful enough to let more than a few people access your site at the same time without crashing.

So nowadays, we outsource this task to web hosting companies, which have access to large and powerful computer servers around the world. And because they have so many customers, they can do this at scale, and keep the costs of web hosting low for everyone.

A new website owner should probably expect to pay around 50-100 a year for web hosting. However, the more complex your site becomes, and the more central it is to your business, the more youll want to pay. So a very large and complex ecommerce website for a big company, for example, could cost as much as 10,000 to host.

Obviously, it pays to shop around for the best deal. But just like any price comparison you do on the web, headline figures can be misleading, so you have to dig into the detail. Specifically, some of the biggest hosting companies offer hosting for just a few dollars a week, or even free. However, both of these offers should usually be seen as ways for said companies to lure you in, and get you to pay more in the long term.

First, these super-cheap or free web hosting plans may be time-limited, so youll need to read the small print to discover if and when the price will suddenly jump up. Secondly, theyll usually mean your website is covered with ads, which you wont earn any money from yourself.

Thirdly, the service will probably be short on bandwidth, limiting the number of people who can visit your website at any one time. They also may be low on storage, restricting the size and number of images and videos you can include on your website. And finally, youll probably be given a custom URL; something along the lines of mybusiness.daveswebsitehosting.com. If you want a better domain name (ie, mybusiness.com), youll need to pay for that separately.

The good news is that if you find the plan youve chosen isnt working for your website, you can always upgrade as you go. Web hosting companies are never shy at accepting more money from you!

One of the most important things to look for in a web hosting company is the level of technical support. They might be nice as pie while trying to get you set up, but it's what happens after that which is really important.

Support may be offered in many ways, which may include phone, live chat, email, and support tickets. Most companies promise that support is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and 365 days a year. Some, though, limit it to office hours and days, which may prove tricky if the company is located in a different global time zone to you.

There are other reasons to consider where the hosting company is based, and equally importantly, where their servers are based too. As a broad rule of thumb, the greater the distance that data has to travel between the server and your website visitors, the longer it will take for your website to load. For that reason, if your website is primarily for people in your area, it's often a good idea to go with a local hosting company.

Of course, that will be a false economy if the local provider has low quality software and hardware. And just because they're physically near you doesn't mean they'll necessarily offer good support. So it always pays to do your research and check as many customer reviews as you can.

In general, you can trust web hosting companies to at least attempt to fulfil their promises to you. The market is so competitive that if they don't, they're certainly not going to last very long. However, there is one specific thing to watch out for, and that's the thorny word 'unlimited'.

Many hosting companies promises unlimited bandwidth, which means no restrictions on how many people can visit your website at any one time. They may also offer unlimited storage, ie that you can potentially upload an infinite amount of content to your website without ever running out of space.

This is nonsense and pure marketing spin. Realistically, your disk space and bandwidth is always going to be physically limited. What companies usually mean by this promise is that youll get far more space and will be able to cope with far more traffic than the average user needs. There will, however, be a limit; you just wont know what it is until you exceed it.

This misleading kind of language isn't really on, and is a problem the web hosting industry is eventually going have to deal with... unless governments legislate for it first. In the meantime, if your provider advertises 'unlimited' bandwidth or storage, be very wary, and check the terms and conditions carefully.

There are many different types of web hosting, and this can seem quite intimidating to the first-time website owner. If thats you, then be assured that shared hosting, the first type on our list below is all you really need to know about.

Shared hosting is the cheapest form of web hosting, and the most common service for the average website owner to opt for. Its called shared because your website will live on the same server as many other sites, which may run into the hundreds. The features available with this type of service are usually quite basic, but its suitable for websites that are only expecting low visitor numbers.

With Virtual Private Server (VPS) hosting, your website also shares server space with other websites, but fewer of them. This type of hosting is more stable and secure than shared hosting, so is less likely to crash when visitor numbers spike, but also more expensive. This type of hosting is suitable for any website that is expecting a medium amount of traffic.

Dedicated hosting, as the name suggests, means your website gets its own private server. This is the most expensive of the services mentioned so far. For the extra money, though, youll get your website served faster to your visitors and it will be less likely to crash, even during high traffic spikes. This type of hosting is suitable for big businesses with high-traffic sites. Dedicated hosting can either be self-managed, where you control the server and have responsibility for its security and maintenance, or unmanaged, where the hosting companys own technical team takes charge of these tasks.

Uneasy about the idea of storing your website on one physical server, making it vulnerable to that local power outages, being hacked, natural disasters, or being interfered with by national governments? These kinds of concerns have given rise to a new type of hosting, called cloud hosting. This means your website is stored on multiple servers across the globe, spreading the risk of anything happening to your website, and providing extra resources during traffic spikes. The downside is that you have less control over where your data is located.

WordPress hosting is a hosting service specially optimised for WordPress websites. WordPress.org allows you to build a website for free (its number two on our list of the best website builders) but its quite tricky to set up. So most of the main hosting providers have stepped in to make that easier by, for example, letting you install the software with one click, and automatically updating it for you, as well as hosting your site. Check out our guide to the best WordPress hosting providers today.

Email hosting is for people and organisations that dont want to use a third-party email service like Gmail but would rather store and control their own emails on their own server. This may be the server that also stores their website, or a separate one.

Want to become a hosting company yourself? You dont actually need to buy physical servers and operate them yourself: you can rent space on other peoples servers instead, and then sell it on to other people. This is whats known as reseller web hosting.

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