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Yale Quantum Institute Co-sponsored Event – Alternative Realities for the Living – Quantum Physics & Fiction – Yale News

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

Friday February 12 at 4 pm Zoom Webinar

Join us for the 11thtalk of Yale Quantum Institute series of nontechnical talks aiming to bring a new regard to quantum physics and STEM by having experts cast new light on often-overlooked aspects of scientific work.

The acclaimed Nigerian Poet and Novelist Ben Okri, one of the foremost postmodern authors, is joining us to talk about his newest book Prayer For The Living, which includes the Quantum Physics Murder Mystery Alternative Realities are True. During this event, Ben will read this short story, share how quantum physics came muddy the water of this British police investigation, and answer the audience questions about his extensive body of work.

This talk, co-sponsored byThe Franke Program in Science and the Humanities,is open to all and will be accessible to students, researchers, the wider university public and the New Haven Community.

Order Ben Okris newest book: Prayer for the Living onBookshop.org,Akashic, orAmazon.

Register here:https://yale.zoom.us/webinar/register/8816106641445/WN_1LIwOVD3SrKsHrThae3caA

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In Violation of Einstein, Black Holes Might Have ‘Hair’ – Quanta Magazine

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

Identical twins have nothing on black holes. Twins may grow from the same genetic blueprints, but they can differ in a thousand ways from temperament to hairstyle. Black holes, according to Albert Einsteins theory of gravity, can have just three characteristics mass, spin and charge. If those values are the same for any two black holes, it is impossible to discern one twin from the other. Black holes, they say, have no hair.

In classical general relativity, they would be exactly identical, said Paul Chesler, a theoretical physicist at Harvard University. You cant tell the difference.

Yet scientists have begun to wonder if the no-hair theorem is strictly true. In 2012, a mathematician named Stefanos Aretakis then at the University of Cambridge and now at the University of Toronto suggested that some black holes might have instabilities on their event horizons. These instabilities would effectively give some regions of a black holes horizon a stronger gravitational pull than others. That would make otherwise identical black holes distinguishable.

However, his equations only showed that this was possible for so-called extremal black holes ones that have a maximum value possible for either their mass, spin or charge. And as far as we know, these black holes cannot exist, at least exactly, in nature, said Chesler.

But what if you had a near-extremal black hole, one that approached these extreme values but didnt quite reach them? Such a black hole should be able to exist, at least in theory. Could it have detectable violations of the no-hair theorem?

A paper published late last month shows that it could. Moreover, this hair could be detected by gravitational wave observatories.

Aretakis basically suggested there was some information that was left on the horizon, said Gaurav Khanna, a physicist at the University of Massachusetts and the University of Rhode Island and one of the co-authors. Our paper opens up the possibility of measuring this hair.

In particular, the scientists suggest that remnants either of the black holes formation or of later disturbances, such as matter falling into the black hole, could create gravitational instabilities on or near the event horizon of a near-extremal black hole. We would expect that the gravitational signal we would see would be quite different from ordinary black holes that are not extremal, said Khanna.

If black holes do have hair thus retaining some information about their past this could have implications for the famous black hole information paradox put forward by the late physicist Stephen Hawking, said Lia Medeiros, an astrophysicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. That paradox distills the fundamental conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics, the two great pillars of 20th-century physics. If you violate one of the assumptions [of the information paradox], you might be able to solve the paradox itself, said Medeiros. One of the assumptions is the no-hair theorem.

The ramifications of that could be broad. If we can prove the actual space-time of the black hole outside of the black hole is different from what we expect, then I think that is going to have really huge implications for general relativity, said Medeiros, who co-authored a paper in October that addressed whether the observed geometry of black holes is consistent with predictions.

Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this latest paper, however, is that it could provide a way to merge observations of black holes with fundamental physics. Detecting hair on black holes perhaps the most extreme astrophysical laboratories in the universe could allow us to probe ideas such as string theory and quantum gravity in a way that has never been possible before.

One of the big issues [with] string theory and quantum gravity is that its really hard to test those predictions, said Medeiros. So if you have anything thats even remotely testable, thats amazing.

There are major hurdles, however. Its not certain that near-extremal black holes exist. (The best simulations at the moment typically produce black holes that are 30% away from being extremal, said Chesler.) And even if they do, its not clear if gravitational wave detectors would be sensitive enough to spot these instabilities from the hair.

Whats more, the hair is expected to be incredibly short-lived, lasting just fractions of a second.

But the paper itself, at least in principle, seems sound. I dont think that anybody in the community doubts it, said Chesler. Its not speculative. It just turns out Einsteins equations are so complicated that were discovering new properties of them on a yearly basis.

The next step would be to see what sort of signals we should be looking for in our gravitational detectors either LIGO and Virgo, operating today, or future instruments like the European Space Agencys space-based LISA instrument.

One should now build upon their work and really compute what would be the frequency of this gravitational radiation, and understand how we could measure and identify it, said Helvi Witek, an astrophysicist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. The next step is to go from this very nice and important theoretical study to what would be the signature.

There are plenty of reasons to want to do so. While the chances of a detection that would prove the paper correct are slim, such a discovery would not only challenge Einsteins theory of general relativity but prove the existence of near-extremal black holes.

We would love to know if nature would even allow for such a beast to exist, said Khanna. It would have pretty dramatic implications for our field.

Correction: February 11, 2021The original version of this article implied that theorists are unable to simulate black holes closer than 30% away from being extremal. In fact, they can simulate near-extremal black holes, but their typical simulations are 30% away from being extremal.

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More than 140 inmates will participate in virtual Chess Tournament – Dominican Today

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

As of Thursday, February 25, 139 men and eight women will compete; Inmates of eight different nationalities, aged between 20 and 73, have registered.

SANTO DOMINGO.- Pedro, 73, and Antonio, 20, share a love for chess and both are imprisoned in different Correction and Rehabilitation Centers (CCR), where they are serving sentences for various crimes.

They are the oldest and youngest person of the 147 who will participate for three days, from February 25 to 27, in the first virtual Chess tournament of the Penitentiary Management Model, organized by the Sub-Coordination of Penitentiary Treatment and the Dominican Chess Federation.

Every day, 139 men and eight women who were selected from among the entire population of the countrys CCRs, practice the openings and strategies with which they will compete virtually in those centers that have the required equipment with physical boards.

This tournament has the dual purpose of offering a way to reduce levels of stress and frustration in inmates, given the impossibility of receiving family visits due to the restrictions imposed to contain COVID-19 infections in the facilities, and at the same time, we promote the practice of activities that contribute to peoples growth, explained Noel Toribio, Deputy Coordinator of Penitentiary Treatment in the Penitentiary Management Model.

Along with mostly Dominicans, 11 foreigners from Haiti, Colombia, Uruguay, Spain, Bulgaria and the United States will compete.

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Altcoin Season: The Opportunity Investors Are Missing in the Bitcoin Breakout – InvestorPlace

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

I placed my pre order the first day I could.

Source: Shutterstock

Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) unveiled its Cybertruck on November 21, 2019, and the next morning I told my InvestorPlace colleagues I already had my order in.

Im all about the future, and the Cybertruck is as futuristic looking a vehicle as I think Ive ever seen, so I look forward to the day it will be delivered. That could be later this year or more likely in 2022.

A lot has already changed in the 15 months since I registered.

Not with the Cybertruck but with how I will be able to pay for it.

Tesla announced two days ago that it bought $1.5 billion worth of bitcoin to further diversify and maximize returns on our cash. The company went big, as that $1.5 billion is nearly 8% of the $19 billion in cash and cash equivalents it had on hand at the end of last year.

But that wasnt all. The company also announced it will begin to accept bitcoin as payment for its products and services, making it the first big automaker to take that step.

If youre a regular MoneyWire reader, you know that I own bitcoin, so this could be a serious option for me when I get my Cybertruck.

Even more serious is the growing opportunity in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as doors continue to fly open to their use in everyday life

I wrote one week ago today that Tesla CEO Elon Musk is perhaps the most innovative businessman on the planet right now.

Ive respected him for a long time and Ive taken some flak for it. Ten years ago, when I would be interviewed on Fox Businessabout electric vehicles, my co-hosts would make fun of me for having a man crush on Musk.

Im not sure thats what Id call it. But the man is a genius. Hes always out in front of the trends, even if sometimes controversial and maybe a little crazy along the way.

Hes built the leader in electric vehicles (EVs) in Tesla, which the market values more highly than any other automaker at $772 billion.

Teslas SolarCity subsidiary is one of the leading solar installation companies in the United States.

Musks SpaceX has achieved multiple firsts for a private company in the space industry. It is now working on satellite internet service, and the ultimate goal is the colonization of Mars. That one may be a bit out there, but if Musk is involved, we cant write it off.

Knowing his ability to see into the future, Musks recent statements and actions in cryptocurrencies command our attention.

And a lot of other folks, too. Bitcoin spiked to a new all-time high on the news, which followed other bullish comments on bitcoin and cryptos from Musk. Of course, that followed multiple new all-time highs just since mid-December when bitcoin broke convincingly through $20,000.

With much of the attention understandably focused on bitcoin, a lot of investors are missing the fact that other cryptocurrencies called altcoins, or any coin other than bitcoin also hit new all-time highs.

Ethereum, the second-largest crypto behind bitcoin, just hit a new high and its up about 700% in the last year.

Cardano, the fourth-largest crypto, also popped to new highs. It more than doubled in the last month and has surged over 1,100% in the last year.

I could go on, but what I want you to see is that Teslas bold crypto move is the next step in the blockchain transformation happening right in front of us.

And as great an opportunity as bitcoin is, select altcoins have truly massive upside potential. Ethereum and Cardano have easily outperformed bitcoins 370% rise over the last 12 months.

So has our Ultimate Crypto portfolio, with a spectacular average return of 474% in a little over a year.

This scenario is playing out over and over again. I call it Altseason, but the longer name you may hear from others is altcoin season.

It is a season of price surges and wealth creation.

Its a season I highly recommend you understand and take advantage of.

Altseason is for those who invest in smaller, lesser-known cryptocurrencies, which are really the software programs of the future. They may be smaller than bitcoin, but they can make much bigger price moves.

Weve seen this before after the supply of new bitcoin gets cut in half, which is something written in the coins code. The last halvening was in May. Both prior times, select altcoins went on huge runs and generated massive profits.

Theres another factor to consider that could make this Altseason the biggest one yet. Its what weve talked about today

The big money is coming in.

Corporations are making the move, like Tesla and Microstrategy (NASDAQ:MSTR).

Financial companies are jumping in. The amount of bitcoin being bought by large firms such as Square (NYSE:SQ), PayPal (NASDAQ:PYPL), and Grayscale is higher than ever.

Even Visa (NYSE:V), which stayed away for a long time, is moving full speed ahead. The largest payment network in the world has partnered with 35 cryptocurrency platforms over the last few years and just announced plans to allow buying and trading of cryptos with its own software program.

And then there is investment money. A massive amount is flowing into cryptocurrencies right now as bitcoin and altcoins cannot be ignored by large firms anymore. Were seeing more money managers, hedge funds (like Paul Tudor Jones), and large institutions turn to cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technology that they run on.

This big money realizes that if they dont adopt a plantoday, they will be left behind.

Ignoring cryptocurrencies and the blockchain would be similar to ignoring the advent of the internet.

The technology that bitcoin and altcoins are built on the blockchain is the future. Its going to touch virtually every industry on Earth.

Sending money around the world will take seconds and cost mere pennies (like when buying a Tesla Cybertruck). Buying a home will take days, not weeks and the transaction will cost a small percentage of what it does today. Tracking a vaccine from the time it was created to the needle going into your arm will be done on the blockchain.

It blows my mind to think about whats coming, and this transformation is already underway. This massive disruption creates a once-in-a-lifetime financial opportunity for smart investors who act today.

Blockchain technology is the software of the Roaring 2020s.

And the best way to build wealth from this huge trend is through the best and strongest altcoins.

On the date of publication, Matthew McCall did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article.

Matthew McCall left Wall Street to actually help investors by getting them into the worlds biggest, most revolutionary trends BEFORE anyone else. Click here to see what Matt has up his sleeve now.

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These Five Low-Cap Altcoins Are Poised for 100x Gains, According to Trader Lark Davis – The Daily Hodl

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

Popular crypto trader and analyst Lark Davis is naming five altcoin gems that he believes are primed to generate 100x returns to investors.

In a new YouTube video, Davis tells his 206,000 subscribers that his first pick is RAMP, a decentralized finance (DeFi) that allows users to access staked capital while still earning yield, freeing up billions of dollars in value.

Essentially, this allows you to double or triple or even more your total yield gains for the year The potential value capture here billions of dollars.

Davis notes that the project is up 5x since he started talking about it on his channel, but with a current market cap of roughly $63 million at time of writing, the trader says the asset has a lot of room to grow and could become a blue-chip DeFi coin en route to a $1 billion market cap this year.

The second coin Davis is taking a look at is another DeFi project under a $100 million market cap. Davis says yield farming robo advisor APY.Finance (APY), which helps users direct their capital towards the most lucrative yield-farming opportunities in the space, can potentially grow into a billion-dollar market cap in this bull cycle.

Davis believes the project, which is nearing its official product launch, is set up to compete with yearn.finance (YFI). Though Davis is long-term bullish on the DeFi project, he notes that it has pumped hard as of late, and that investors may want to wait for a better entry in the short term.

Next up is Polkadot-based liquidity aggregator Reef Finance (REEF). Davis notes that the project, which is sitting at a $145 million market cap as of writing, is poised to continue its run-up.

[Reef Finance allows] for both trading and access to centralized and decentralized exchanges so sourcing liquidity from across the crypto market. Theyre also offering smart lending, smart borrowing, staking, and mining, thanks to an AI-driven yield engine. Basically, a total freaking DeFi powerhouse in the making, focusing on the right market at the right time Whats really interesting is we dont have any DeFi blue chips built on the Polkadot yet. There will be DeFi blue chips and Reef could be one of those.

The last two coins Davis discusses are upcoming token sales that he says could make early investors some serious gains.

The first is synthetic asset trading, lending, issuing, and borrowing platform, Shadows, which will be launching on the Polkadot blockchain. Davis says the project is going after a market with trillions of dollars of assets that can be synthesized and brought into DeFi.

Davis notes the initial token sale for the project is expensive to get into, but that after the initial launch, Shadows will be available to trade on Uniswap.

Last on Davis list is the highly-anticipated gamified predictions market Polkamarkets (POLK), whose Twitter account already has nearly 20,000 Twitter followers prior to its launch.

Polkamarkets will allow you to make predictions on the outcome of things like elections or sporting events Prediction markets have proven to be pretty popular over on Ethereum but I think the gamification of what theyre doing here at Polkamarkets could really take this to the next level.

Davis also notes that the project is launching on Polkastarter, which means the launch will likely receive a lot of hype as all of the Polkastarter launchpads have done very well.

l

Featured Image: Shutterstock/Tithi Luadthong

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These Five Low-Cap Altcoins Are Poised for 100x Gains, According to Trader Lark Davis - The Daily Hodl

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This Ethereum-Based Altcoin Will Turn Some Crypto Traders Into Millionaires, According to Crypto Trader Ben Armstrong – The Daily Hodl

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

Crypto trader and analyst Ben Armstrong says an Ethereum-based altcoin has the potential to turn early investors into millionaires.

In a new video, Armstrong tells his 442,000 YouTube subscribers that hes keeping a close watch on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) as the sector continues to show signs of rapid growth.

The demand for DEXs is growing exponentially with DEX trading volume reportedly growing by 70% in the middle of 2020, setting a recent all-time high of $1.52 billion.

DEXs allow users to trade tokens between one another in a permissionless and decentralized manner without the assistance of an intermediary. Armstrong says he believes Injective Protocol (INJ) help unlock the true potential of decentralized finance (DeFi).

Backed by Binance, Injective Protocol is a fully decentralized layer-two protocol that allows for cross-chain derivatives trading. Injective Protocol aims to provide all the features of a centralized exchange on a DEX with focus on speed, security, and liquidity.

Armstrong highlights that Injective Protocol is poised to benefit from the growing demand for DEXs, fueled by the platforms interoperability feature that enables users to trade a wide range of crypto assets across multiple blockchains.

As for Injectives Protocol native asset, INJ, the crypto analyst says it serves multiple purposes across the network.

INJ tokens are staked to receive staking rewards which are paid out in INJ. Staking INJ tokens is also used to vote and participate in governance. Its required to submit proposals and to vote on them as well. The more INJ token a user holds, the greater their voice on the governance table.

Also, taking a note right out of the playbook of their backer and incubator, Binance, trading with INJ on the platform gives you a discount on transaction fees.

In terms of price potential, Armstrong believes that the interoperable next-gen DEX can skyrocket 525% from its current price of around $16.

So where do I see the price of INJ going from here? Well, Injective Protocol has absolutely crushed it since launch. I dont see that stopping. I believe $100 per token is definitely in the cards in the future.

I

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Biggest Altcoin Boom in History Has Arrived, Says DataDash Founder Nicholas Merten Here Are the Assets on His Radar – The Daily Hodl

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

DataDash founder Nicholas Merten is shining the spotlight on three digital assets as he says the largest altseason in history is underway.

The DataDash founder tells his 382,000 subscribers that, despite the recent altcoin volatility, hes confident that the crypto market is just in the early innings of the bull cycle.

Merten is using the market cap of Ampleforth (AMPL) to track its performance. With a market cap of under $400 million, the trader believes AMPL can significantly grow into a multi-billion-dollar valuation as it repeats the three phases of its 2020 bull cycle.

Generally speaking weve got a really nice technical build-up that was made throughout 2020, and that was one of the top DeFi (decentralized finance) performers, Ampleforth or AMPL, one of the rebasing or elastic supply cryptocurrencies.

The great thing about Ampleforth, overall, here is its technical pattern that it builds. It has its initial phase here, its first wave of its bull cycle here from its lows We have the descending channel here, almost a bull flag if you will, and along with that, the follow-through, the mass move of the cycle.

Well, weve had the first phase here in this case. The secondary phase, the consolidation and now, were starting to play into the early stages of phase three, just like what we saw over here

Its very realistic to assume that Ampleforth here could go towards being a $1 billion, $2 billion, $5 billion cryptocurrency. At this rate, its very very reasonable.

Another coin on Mertens radar isBenchmark Protocol (MARK), which he says can reasonably compete with Ampleforth because of its unique methods of rebasing.

Unlike Ampleforth which just tries to peg itself to the dollar or an inflation-adjusted dollar from 2018, in regards to Benchmark, theyre utilizing things such as the SDR (special drawing rights) as their peg, and for rebasing theyre utilizing volatility measures in the market like the VIX in order to determine whether or not to rebase and provide more of the native currency, in this case to its holders in order to combat volatile moments as well as reduce supply when theres not volatility or below our historic means.

The third altcoin on Mertens list is decentralized exchange Uniswap (UNI), which he says can increase over 177% from its current price of $18.

A lot of people are curious about, you know, am I still sticking to my guns about the $50 price target? And, I am. Im still confident here that were going to be getting somewhere near $50 The major thing we want to focus on here is the trend. On the logarithmic chart, its been very clear here. We had a large mean away from the line of support here, and then we started to consolidate along this logarithmic line of support and now again we had started to break away as optimism came in and eventually I think were going to get a pop here very very soon here where the overall price is going to start moving higher yet again.

I

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Altcoin Market Cap On The Verge Of Life-Changing Breakout – NewsBTC

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

The top ranked altcoin, Ethereum, has broken its all-time high and like Bitcoins big breakout, it has attracted more and more participants to the cryptocurrency market. Valuations are rising everywhere, and the total altcoin market cap is on the verge of a life-changing breakout, if history repeats. And given the current momentum and FOMO across the market, a shocking surge is only weeks if not days away.

Years ago, few knew of Bitcoin let alone Ethereum and the thousands of altcoins that have emerged since the introduction of the first decentralized currency.

Bitcoins meteoric rise from $1,000 to $20,000 in 2017 prompted other coins to soar, and Ethereum reached a peak of $1440. With the two top coins roaring, capital began to flow into illiquidity low cap altcoins, which skyrocketed in value.

Related Reading | Heres How High Bitcoin Could Go If 2017 Repeats

The same scenario is now happening again, following a big bullish breakout by both Ethereum and Bitcoin. Bitcoin led the charge with a rise from $20,000 to $42,000, and Ethereum is already trading $200 more than its former high just days after breaking the record.

Both assets are in price discovery now, and are dragging up the rest of the market. But according to the last major altcoin market breakout, weve not seen anything yet, and whats about to arrive could be life-changing.

Looking back at the last bull market for crypto, the total altcoin market cap went parabolic and added more than $340 billion in value in the coming months.

From millions to billons in months in no easy feat. The total crypto market cap including Bitcoin is now well over $1 trillion. Could altcoins alone soon be valued in the trillions? Some analysts believe that Ethereum alone could be worth more than $1 trillion. Estimates for Bitcoin reach as high as $10 trillion, so why cant other altcoins eventually do the same?

Related Reading | Altcoin Season Is Here: Buy Crypto Surpases Bitcoin Searches On Google

Crypto is in bull mode and as a speculative asset class anything is possible, but when still so many coins have little to no use case, or are nothing more than memes, even if the market does make it to trillions the capital will flow into projects with real value.

Life-changing wealth could be right around the corner, but remember, wealth is only made when positions are closed. Dont be stuck holding bags of worthless but once pumping coins when its all said and done. XRP, for example, remains significantly below its former all-time high, proving that not all altcoins are winners.

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This Little Known Altcoin (ANT) Has the Potential for Significant Gains – BeInCrypto

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

The Aragon (ANT) price has broken out from a resistance area that had previously been in place since Sept. 2020.

ANT is likely mired in a bullish trend and will continue rallying to at least $8.

ANT has been moving upwards since reaching a low of $2.60 on Dec. 23, 2020. At the time of writing, it was trading just above $6.05.The rally has taken it above the $5.60 resistance area, which had previously been in place since September. After validating the region as support, it began the current upward move.

Technical indicators are bullish, supporting the continuation of the upward movement. This is especially visible by the bullish cross in the Stochastic Oscillator and a MACD reading above the 0 line. If ANT continues rising, the closest resistance area would be at $7.73, the 0.618 Fib retracement level of the previous downward move.

Cryptocurrency trader @Cryptoboss1984 outlined an ANT chart, which shows a breakout from a descending resistance line.

Since the breakout, ANT has moved slightly upwards but seems to have stalled near $6.40. Nevertheless, both the RSI and the MACD support the continuation of an upward move.

Therefore, while it could fall in the short-term, possibly validating the descending resistance line it broke out from (dashed), it should resume its upward momentum afterward.

The wave count suggests that ANT is in wave three (white) of a bullish impulse that began with the previous Dec. 2020 lows. The sub-wave count is in orange, indicating that ANT is in sub-wave five.

The most likely target for the top of wave three is between $8-$8.30, found using an external Fib retracement and a Fib projection on waves 1-3.Wave five could end at either $12.36 or $15, the 3.61 and 4.61 Fib extensions of wave one.

To conclude, ANT should resume its upward move towards $8, and possibly continue increasing towards a new all-time high price in the process.

For BeInCryptos latest Bitcoin(BTC) analysis,click here.

DisclaimerAll the information contained on our website is published in good faith and for general information purposes only. Any action the reader takes upon the information found on our website is strictly at their own risk.

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Gun Trafficking Investigation Shows The FBI Is Still Capable Of Accessing Communications On Encrypted Devices – Techdirt

February 14, 2021 | Author: admin

from the so-dark-we-could-only-get-everything-we-needed dept

It's been clear for some time that the FBI and DOJ's overly dramatic calls for encryption backdoors are unwarranted. Law enforcement still has plenty of options to deal with device encryption and end-to-end encrypted messaging services. Multiple reports have shown encryption is rarely an obstacle to investigations. And for all the noise the FBI has made about its supposedly huge stockpile of locked devices, it still has yet to hand over an accurate count of devices in its possession, more than two years after it discovered it had been using an inflated figure to back its "going dark" hysteria for months.

An ongoing criminal case discussed by Thomas Forbes for Fortune provides more evidence law enforcement is not only finding ways to bypass device encryption, but access contents of end-to-end encrypted messages. This isn't the indictment of Signal (a popular encrypted messaging service) it first appears to be, though. The access point was the iPhone in law enforcement's possession which, despite still being locked, was subjected to a successful forensic extraction.

In the Signal chats obtained from one of [the suspect's] phones, they discuss not just weapons trades but attempted murder too, according to documents filed by the Justice Department. Theres also some metadata in the screenshots, which indicates not only that Signal had been decrypted on the phone, but that the extraction was done in partial AFU. That latter acronym stands for after first unlock and describes an iPhone in a certain state: an iPhone that is locked but that has been unlocked once and not turned off. An iPhone in this state is more susceptible to having data inside extracted because encryption keys are stored in memory.

Seizing a phone in this vulnerable state allows investigators to obtain evidence from "locked" phones by using forensic tools like those sold by Cellebrite and Grayshift. Signal's encryption works. But that encryption doesn't matter -- not if law enforcement has access to the device. Encryption protects against message interception but even the strongest forms of encryption can't secure communications on a partially unlocked device. In this state, it's as simple as hooking up a phone to an extraction device and letting the device do the work.

It's not clear which forensic option was used, but it does show encryption isn't making phones and communications "warrant-proof." A locked device (rather than one in an "after first unlock") is going to be tougher to crack, but it's far from impossible. And if it is indeed impossible, a wealth of information can be recovered from cloud backups, unencrypted communications platforms, social media services, and any number of third parties that collect information and location data from cellphone users. In only the rarest cases will investigators have almost nothing to work with.

Even in those cases, there are options. Investigators can roll the dice on Fifth Amendment challenges and hope a court orders arrestees to unlock their devices. They can also seek consent to a search -- something that's never a one-and-done thing when law enforcement has both suspects and their devices in its possession.

This case shows multiple layers of encryption are mainly a hassle at this point. It's enough to keep people's devices secure in case of loss or theft, but it's not much of an impediment to investigators with powerful forensic tools at their disposal.

Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyones attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.

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Filed Under: access, doj, encryption, evidence, fbi, going dark, law enforcement

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