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A Cooler Future? Study Suggests Cloud Engineering as an Effective Painkiller for Global Warming – SciTechDaily

Recent findings indicate that marine cloud brightening, a method of increasing cloud cover to cool the Earth, could be more effective than previous models suggested, offering significant cooling effects but serving as a temporary mitigation rather than a solution to global warming.

New research suggests that cloud engineering might be more effective at cooling the climate than previously believed, due to the production of increased cloud cover.

In a study published in Nature Geoscience, researchers at the University of Birmingham found that marine cloud brightening (MCB), also known as marine cloud engineering, works primarily by increasing the amount of cloud cover, accounting for 60-90% of the cooling effect.

Previous models used to estimate the cooling effects of MCB have focused on the ability of aerosol injection to produce a brightening effect on the cloud, which in turn increases the amount of sunlight reflected back into space.

The practice of MCB has attracted much attention in recent years as a way of offsetting the global warming effects caused by humans and buying some time while the global economy decarbonizes. It works by spraying tiny particles, or aerosols, into the atmosphere where they mix with clouds and with the primary aim of increasing the amount of sunlight that clouds can reflect.

Experiments with the technique are already being used in Australia in an attempt to reduce bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. However, the ways in which MCB creates a cooling effect, and the ways in which clouds will respond to aerosols, are still poorly understood, because of variable effects such as the confounding from co-varying meteorological conditions.

To investigate the phenomenon, the researchers created a natural experiment, using aerosol injection from the effusive eruption of Kilauea volcano in Hawaii to study the interactions between these natural aerosols, clouds, and climate.

Using machine learning and historic satellite and meteorological data, the team created a predictor to show how the cloud would behave during periods when the volcano was inactive. This predictor enabled them to identify clearly the impacts on the clouds that had been directly caused by the volcanic aerosols.

They were able to show that the cloud cover relatively increased by up to 50% during the periods of volcanic activity, producing a cooling effect of up to -10 W m-2 regionally. Global heating and cooling is measured in watts per square meter, with a negative figure indicating cooling. Note that doubling CO2 would lead to a warming effect of +3.7 W m-2 approximately on a global average.

The research was carried out in collaboration with the Met Office, the Universities of Edinburgh, Reading and Leeds, ETH Zurich in Switzerland, and the University of Maryland and NASA in the USA.

Lead author, Dr Ying Chen, of the University of Birmingham, said: Our findings show that marine cloud brightening could be more effective as a climate intervention than climate models have suggested previously. Of course, while it could be useful, MCB does not address the underlying causes of global warming from greenhouse gases produced by human activity. It should therefore be regarded as a painkiller, rather than a solution, and we must continue to improve our fundamental understanding of aerosols impacts on clouds, further research on global impacts and risks of MCB, and search for ways to decarbonize human activities.

The research comes alongside increased interest in cloud engineering around the globe. UK Research and Innovation has recently launched a 10.5m research programme looking at informing policymakers on solar radiation management approaches, including MCB, while the Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA), is focused on researching technologies for climate and weather management. In the USA, a team from the University of Washington recently carried out its first outdoor aerosol experiment from a decommissioned aircraft carrier in Alameda, California.

Reference: Substantial cooling effect from aerosol-induced increase in tropical marine cloud cover by Ying Chen, Jim Haywood, Yu Wang, Florent Malavelle, George Jordan, Amy Peace, Daniel G. Partridge, Nayeong Cho, Lazaros Oreopoulos, Daniel Grosvenor, Paul Field, Richard P. Allan and Ulrike Lohmann, 11 April 2024, Nature Geoscience. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01427-z

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Tesla’s top engineering exec, who led development of critical technologies, has resigned after 18 years, adding to … – Fortune

Two of Tesla Inc.s top executives have left in the midst of the carmakers largest-ever round ofjob cuts, as slowing electric-vehicle demand leads the company to reduce its global headcount by more than 10%.

The cuts could reach closer to 20% in some divisions, two people familiar with the matter say.

In addition, Senior Vice President Drew Baglino resigned from the company, he said on X Monday, confirming an earlier Bloomberg report. Baglino been one of just four named executive officers at Tesla, leading engineering and technology development for its batteries, motors and energy products.

The 18-year company veteran who co-hosted earnings calls and shared the stage with Chief Executive Officer Elon Musk at multiple events, including Teslasinvestor dayjust over a year ago is leaving along with Rohan Patel, the carmakers vice president of public policy and business development. Patel alsoconfirmedhis departure on social media, and Muskrespondedbythankingboth executives.

The carmakers shares dropped more than 3% Monday. The stock has fallen 33% this year.

Musk announced the decision tocut headcountby potentially more than 14,000 people globally amid the deteriorating outlook for EV sales. In an email to staff, the CEO cited duplication of roles and the need to reduce costs.

As we prepare the company for our next phase of growth, it is extremely important to look at every aspect of the company for cost reductions and increasing productivity, Musk wrote in the memo, which was seen by Bloomberg News. There is nothing I hate more, but it must be done.

Leaders at Tesla were given aggressive goals to cut costs in their organizations and license to take strong action in reaching them, according to one of the people. That included deeper cuts in some cases beyond the threshold Musk had outlined, the person said.

The departure of Baglino is likely to reinforce concerns among some investors aboutsuccession planningat Tesla, where Musk has been CEO since 2008. The billionaire leads six companies and doesnt devote his full time or attention to the worlds most valuable automaker. Musk also said early this year that he preferred tobuild products elsewhereunless hes awarded around 25% voting control.

The CEO lost another top deputyin August, when Zachary Kirkhorn stepped down as CFO after 13 years with Tesla.

Its not clear whether the departure of the top Tesla executives was connected to broader struggles at the EV maker. Tesla reported vehicle deliveries early this month that missed expectations by awide margin, posting its first quarterly decline in four years.

Several analysts are bracing for the EV makers sales to potentiallyshrinkfor the year, citing slow output of its newest model theCybertruck and a lull in new products until the company starts producing a next-generation vehicle late next year.

Tesla ended last year with 140,473 employees, almost double its total three years earlier. Its been ramping up output at two plants one in Austin, and the other outside Berlin that started cranking out Model Y sport utility vehicles in early 2022. The company startedslashing pricesacross its lineup as those facilities reached higher volumes.

Over the years, we have grown rapidly with multiple factories scaling around the globe, Musk wrote in the email, which was reported earlier Monday by the blog Electrek. With this rapid growth there has been duplication of roles and job functions in certain areas.

Musks biographer, Walter Isaacson, described Baglino as a personable engineer with an easy laugh. In his book on Musk published last year, Isaacson recounted a tense first meeting Baglino had with the CEO over how many battery cells Tesla would need to hit its range target.

I never want to be in another meeting with Elon, Isaacson quoted Baglino saying to Tesla co-founder J.B. Straubel, who left the company in 2019 but joined its board of directorslast year.

Isaacson writes that Straubel reassured Baglino, whos quoted saying that Musks battery-cell calculation proved correct.

Read More:Musk Vetoing a $25,000 Tesla Comes Back to Bite

Baglino has netted about $96 million from periodic share sales since he was appointed a senior VP and had to start publicly disclosing his transactions, according to Bloomberg calculations. The sales have been executed under multiple pre-arranged trading plans, filings show.

Baglino and Teslas board chair, Robyn Denholm, set up share-trading plans late last year allowing them tosell significant sumsof stock. Baglino made arrangements to potentially sell up to 115,500 shares through the end of this year, according to aregulatory filing.

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Tesla's top engineering exec, who led development of critical technologies, has resigned after 18 years, adding to ... - Fortune

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Engineering Professor Earns Grant To Improve Trust Between Humans and Robots – UVA Engineering

Humans and robots will one day soon be working on the same teams, so were going to need to trust each other.

That belief underpins the research of Tariq Iqbal, an assistant professor at the University of Virginias School of Engineering. He recently earned a three-year, $450,000 grant for emerging scholars from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research to continue and extend his work.

AFOSR will award about $21.5 million in grants to 48 scientists this year, including Iqbal, as part of its 2024 Young Investigator Program.

Iqbal specializes in robotics and artificial intelligence. His lab focuses, in general, on optimizing fluency and fluidity in human-robot interactions.

So the goal here is: How can we make the robots work effectively with humans? he said.

When it comes to safe and effective collaboration, trust will be a key factor. Having just the right amount of trust not too much, not too little is a well-understood predictor of success in human teams, Iqbal noted.

And trust is already starting to matter on teams with both robots and humans, such as in automobile manufacturing and autonomous driving, he added.

In factories right now, there are robots that are building cars, and they can do it very rapidly, Iqbal said. But if you look at the same assembly line, downstream, there are humans doing all the screw tightening, putting all the parts together, checking the lines and everything. So we have the robots end of the line, and the humans end of the line, but there is a wall between them."

So we have the robots end of the line, and the humans end of the line, but there is a wall between them. How do we break that wall and make it a full team?

How do we break that wall and make it a full team? If we can do that, we can achieve something that neither the humans nor the robots can achieve alone.

There are dangers, however, in developing too much trust, he said. For example, most autonomous driving accidents are caused by a driver who fully trusts the auto-drive, even though safe operation requires hands on the wheel.

The research funded by the grant is titled A Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measure-based Multimodal Trust Model for Generating Real-time Intervention to Facilitate Human-Robot Teaming. Its an early step toward establishing the baseline measurements that researchers will need to quantify and measure trust in these brave, new team environments.

The first goal will be to figure out an objective measure of human trust toward robots, Iqbal said.

But the research will also seek ways to help robots sense the human trust level and respond appropriately.

This function could help a robot sense whether a person is over- or under-trusting its capability to perform the task. Then, the robot can take appropriate action to optimize trust for the entire teams benefit.

The challenge is not the robot itself; its actually the human, Iqbal said. Modeling the human can be the most challenging part.

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Alumnus guides AI-powered company using systems engineering | Binghamton News – Binghamton University

Ryon Batson 21 always has maintained a strong passion for business, and during his time as an undergraduate at Binghamton University, he was conflicted about what path to choose in life.

During his sophomore year, Batson pursued electrical engineering at the Thomas J. Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science. Although he enjoyed it very much, he still craved a path that involved a business-inventive aspect.

This led to his discovery of industrial and systems engineering, where he could pursue his entrepreneurial and engineering interests in tandem. After graduation, Batson co-founded FairSplit, an artificial intelligence-powered insurance company designed to reduce tensions between workers and employers during employee transitions.

Q: What attracted you to Watson College?

A: When I came to Binghamton University, I wasnt sure what I wanted to do as a career. My dad was an electrician and had a private electrical company, and during the summers I would go out to work with him. I enjoyed doing electrical work, so I figured that I would follow in my fathers footsteps and pursue electrical engineering. In addition, as a first-generation college student, receiving an engineering degree seemed like a very notable thing to do.

Although I didnt get into Watson College my first year, I persevered and got accepted my second year after applying through the intra-university transfer application. With the Engineering Design Division program at Watson, I was able to explore the various options in engineering.

Q: Why did you choose ISE?

A: I quickly realized that electrical engineering was very different from being an actual electrician. The time invested in studying compared to my academic results quickly made me realize how important it was that I followed my own passions. I always had a passion for entrepreneurship, and I became conflicted with pursuing electrical engineering and wanting to transfer to the School of Management.

When I transferred to Watson, not only did I have my mind set on engineering, I also invested my first year taking general education courses directed toward Watson College. Transferring to SOM certainly would have set me back. I didnt want to drop engineering totally, so I went to speak with my counselors and advisors, and they mentioned a program called industrial and systems engineering. I wasnt aware of what it was, but it sounded like business with engineering principles. I started taking some courses, and I could immediately sense that my passion was being fulfilled.

Q: Where did you intern as an undergrad?

A: I interned for three startup companies Relo, Unified Scholars and Beam (formerly Edquity). I was privileged enough to learn the inner workings of launching a company. I was able to apply the knowledge that I was receiving at Watson directly to these companies, and that reassured me my decision to pursue ISE was the right call.

Primarily, it involved immersing myself in various roles within the companies, gaining practical experience in the process of designing and coding systems. This allowed me to witness the progression of projects from inception to completion firsthand.

Q: Did your experiences in your internship influence the development of your startup, FairSplit?

A: Absolutely. Funny enough, Relo is now FairSplit. I stayed involved with Relo past my internship, first as a volunteer, then as a part-time employee, and eventually becoming full-time as a co-founder and COO of FairSplit. At that time, we were focused on developing a system for people to relocate from one area to another and provide an insurance in the case they defaulted on their payments.

Since then, the pandemic and the advancement of technology prompted us to pivot from our original concept and confront a broader challenge. It became evident that our services were irrelevant without a stable income. Consequently, we decided to address the root cause: the transitions of employees into unemployment.

FairSplit, now an AI-powered insurance company, focues on streamlining various business activities such as mergers, acquisitions, headcount reductions and employee transitions through automated compliance measures. Additionally, we offer real-time insights into finances, employee benefits and industry trends to aid our clients in risk mitigation, thereby reducing costs. Our prepaid insurance system enables us to decrease the expenses related to offboarding benefits by over 15%.

Q: Did you ever think your ISE degree would lead you to this career path?

A: I didnt quite know where my ISE degree was going to lead me. I originally thought it would have been either a heavily focused engineering path or a path related to business somehow. To my very own surprise, I landed a career thats allowed me to apply both my technical background and the hint of business that industrial and systems engineering prepared me for.

Q: Can you share any specific lessons you learned from your journey?

A: You must learn how to measure the small wins. It is easy to become discouraged if you only visualize success from the broad scope. I like to say that every stroke of the paintbrush on a canvas matters to the overall concept or final image. Its the same with developing a business. Every code written, every system built and every idea thought of contributed to the overall execution of the business model. Learning to value the small wins is necessary to be successful.

Secondly, successful entrepreneurship is more than just an amazing and unique idea. The idea is merely just the first step to entrepreneurship. There are other factors that go into being successful as an entrepreneur, like an exceptional founding team, and the ability to convince investors and partners that you are the one to execute this vision. Are you a second-time founder? Did you have a successful exit prior? These are also important. If the answer to these questions is no, you must be prepared to produce exceptional results and persevere much longer than your counterparts whove accomplished these things.

Q: Do you have any advice for Binghamton students?

A: Practice your introspection. If we take time to deliberately examine our thoughts, emotions and experiences to gain insight and self-awareness, we empower ourselves for greatness. This is a practice I have been doing subconsciously since 2017 when I decided to no longer pursue electrical engineering. That decision set me up for all my internships and led me to co-found FairSplit.

I encourage everyone to take note of the outcomes when you are following your instinct or gut feeling. Monitor the results of those decisions, and monitor what happens when you do not. The results should increase your confidence to follow that internal feeling. That is your guide to success.

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Civil engineer looks to remedy inequities in traffic safety – EurekAlert

image:

Alyssa Ryan, University of Arizona assistant professor of civil and architectural engineering and mechanics

Credit: University of Arizona College of Engineering

Alyssa Ryan, an assistant professor ofcivil and architectural engineering and mechanics, in the University of ArizonaCollege of Engineering, is leading a national study to identify disparities in traffic safety for all transportation users, including drivers, bicyclists and walkers.

"Transportation engineering is very focused on people and impacting society and how people interact with the world," said Ryan. "If you don't have transportation, you can't do anything."

With a $467,000 award from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety and building on Ryan's previous research, the project aims to identify populations most at risk for crash injuries given factors such as location, race, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

"In our quest to ensure safe mobility for all communities," said Rebecca Steinbach, senior researcher at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, "we need a better understanding of the extent of disparities, contributing factors and countermeasures to mitigate disparities where they exist. The rigorous approach of this project will help identify meaningful solutions that can be applied by a variety of professionals to improve equity in traffic safety."

National resources, such as theInfrastructure Investment and Jobs Actpassed in 2021, are providing billions of dollars to states for equitable transportation improvements, and the researchers plan to take their findings and recommendations to officials in every state.

"We're really looking for trends, what is happening across the United States and who is getting into these crashes," said Ryan, also assistant director at theCenter for Applied Transportation Sciencesin the College of Engineering.

Ryan, in collaboration with Oregon State University professor David Hurwitz, will analyze massive datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau, National Emergency Medical Services Information System, Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics and the Fatal Accident Reporting Systems to identify crash trends among different groups. This is the first time that data of such magnitude has been used to research traffic inequity on a national scale.

"This is an issue in society, but it presents itself in transportation in really compelling ways," saidHurwitz, the co-principal investigator who is a professor of transportation engineering and director of the Kiewit Center for Infrastructure and Transportation Research at OSU.

Hurwitz and Ryan, fellow University of Massachusetts Amherst alums, will split the data collection and analysis of four demographically diverse states, including Arizona and Oregon.

Historically, fatal crashes have been the preferred data source, said Ryan, and studies typically compared fatalities to race. In 2021, aHarvard studyfound that Black and Latino Americans were more likely to be killed in traffic than other racial or ethnic groups per mile traveled.

"But it's not enough data to really dive into what's happening," said Ryan. "In reality, the number of crashes we have every year in the U.S. alone is in the millions, so we're looking at the crashes themselves. It'll give us a much better perspective."

To help broaden the scope, this study combines layered national and state demographic data from sources such as the Census with injury and fatality data from Emergency Medical Services.

Tackling Tough History

Disparities have existed since the inception of the U.S. transportation system.

"These inequities are grounded in our history, and we need to do something about it," said Ryan.

"The interstate system that runs across the United States primarily went through neighborhoods and homes of people who were Black, people who were poor, Indigenous populations destroying their communities and displacing them."

Further, regions with fewer resources for transportation infrastructure, including low-density, rural areas, often experience higher rates of serious crashes per capita. For instance, communities with less to spend on sidewalks next to roads tend to see more pedestrian-related crashes.

Ryan's previous crash data analysis also uncovered gender disparities.

"Female drivers were more likely to get injured in a crash, and they were more likely to walk away with certain injuries," she said.

Her2020 studyshowed that no crash dummies with proportions characteristic of females had been used to date and concluded that women drivers' safety is overlooked in vehicle design and testing. The study found that female drivers are more likely than male drivers to experience a primary injury to the abdomen, chest and extremities.

Equity Equality

University of Arizona civil and architectural engineering and mechanics doctoral studentSaquib Haroon, who is helping build machine learning models to distill the mountains of data and identify patterns, said the project makes an important distinction between social equity and equality.

Equality means everyone is treated similarly, he explained, whereas equity accepts that some individuals need to be provided with additional or different resources to be successful.

"We all need to understand that not everything in this world is going to be equal and focus on ensuring those who are disadvantaged receive adequate resources," he stressed.

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Alex K. Jones Is New EECS Chair in the College of Engineering and Computer Science Syracuse University News – Syracuse University News

The College of Engineering and Computer Science (ECS) welcomes Alex K. Jones as the Klaus Schroder Endowed Professor for Engineering and chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (EECS).

Jones joins Syracuse from the University of Pittsburgh, where he had a 21-year career in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) with courtesy appointments in computer science (CS) and physics and astronomy.

Alex K. Jones

Im thrilled to join Syracuse University at this important time, says Jones. The designation of Syracuse University as a core partner in a Regional Tech Hub for computer chips along, with the establishment of the new Micron fabrication facility, is a tremendous opportunity to become a national leader in the semiconductor space with direct access to opportunities through the CHIPS and Science Act. I am also excited about the outstanding potential within EECS in topics like artificial intelligence, sustainable energy, quantum science and information, and many others thanks to the talented faculty, students and staff. In partnership with ECS and Syracuse University, broadly, I think you will see great things from EECS in the coming years that will benefit our students, our city, our state and beyond.

Jones research interests are broadly in the areas of computer architecture and compilers. He is best known for research and leadership advancing the field of sustainable computing. His contributions are related to applying full lifecycle thinking to the study of environmental impacts and optimizations for computing systems including projections of environmental impacts, such as with servers in data centers.

Jones demonstrated that the critical environmental impacts from manufacturing these servers can meet or exceed those from the powering their operation in data centers. This trend has started to be noted by industry over the last half decade. More importantly, in handheld systems like mobile phones, 80% or more of the greenhouse gas emissions comes from manufacturing.

Among his research contributions in this area, Jones work has demonstrated that leveraging existing silicon in novel ways, such as processing-in-memory, creates an opportunity to holistically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He has created a tool suite called GreenChip to help encourage the use of environmental-related metrics in the development of next generation computing systems. Jones has received a Carnegie Science Award, a Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation Faculty Fellowship and was elevated to Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to sustainable computing.

Jones has a significant background in academic leadership. He served as Pitts director of computer engineering from 2011-17, a joint program comprised of faculty from the CS and ECE departments. He led the program to unprecedented growth and an increase in visibility and rankings nationally. Jones philosophy combined better engagement between students and faculty in the program and a curriculum that included the newest developments in the field and aspects of the excellent research undertaken by computer engineering program faculty. During his tenure as director, computer engineering at Pitt became a top 50 program nationally, where it remains today.

Following his tenure with computer engineering, Jones joined the National Science Foundation Space, High Performance and Resilient Computing (SHREC) Center and served as associate director from 2018-20. He led a project team in memory reliability for high performance and space applications. He demonstrated that off-the-shelf dynamic random access memory (DRAM) used in commodity computers had specific radiation properties such that 9599% of the faults were from predictable locations. He developed a technique that combined a fault repository and low-level error correction that could protect standard DRAM from radiation faults in space, avoiding the need to use radiation hardened devices that are expensive and trail the state of the art by several generations.

In August 2020, Jones joined the NSF as a program manager in the Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) directorate in the Computer and Network Systems (CNS) Division as part of the Computer Systems Research (CSR) cluster. A significant accomplishment was his creation of the Design for Environmental Sustainability of Computing (DESC) program. He was also the managing program director of the ATHENA AI Institute led by Duke University. In his third year at the NSF, he was elevated to serve as cluster lead for CSR. In his fourth year, he was appointed as the deputy division director for the Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ECCS) Division, which is a member of the senior leadership team of the Engineering (ENG) Directorate.

While at NSF, Jones established a new personal research direction in quantum computing. Attracting nearly $3 million in funding from foundation and Department of Defense grants with his physics colleague Michael Hatridge (Pitt/Yale) and the latter with Hatridge and Robert Schoelkopf (Yale) to develop modular computer architectures, Jones research demonstrates better target quantum gates and interconnection topologies that can be realized with high fidelity superconducting systems. These approaches improve the size of quantum applications that can be solved in noisy quantum machines.

Jones received his Ph.D. from Northwestern University, where he was a Walter P. Murphy Fellow. His first major paper at Northwestern on translating MATLAB applications into hardware descriptions went on to be a seminal work (top 25 paper of all time) in the IEEE Field Programmable and Custom Computing Machines (FCCM) Conference. His Ph.D. work in compilation/high-level synthesis of C/C++ codes into hardware descriptions crystallized his interest in compilation and configurable computing. This work informed some of his early work at Pitt in design automation of coarse-grain reconfigurable computing fabrics and radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. Compilation remains a core focus of Jones research as applied to configurable architectures and most recently in terms of programming quantum systems (transpilation).

In his spare time, Jones is a freelance clarinetist. In Pittsburgh he was the principal clarinetist of the Pittsburgh Philharmonic, where he has been a featured soloist, served briefly as its artistic director, and served as guest conductor. He also enjoys downhill skiing.

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Women deserve better health care. Engineers can help. – The Source – Washington University in St. Louis

Pressure. Contraction. Pushing. Rupture. For many, these words point to the experience of labor and childbirth. For Michelle Oyen, something else also comes to mind.

These are all very clearly engineering words that have to do with physical forces, says Oyen, associate professor of biomedical engineering in the McKelvey School of Engineering. Weve been treating womens health as solely a biology problem, but its also the realm of engineering and physics.

As director of WashUs Center for Womens Health Engineering, Oyen seeks to bring medical practitioners and engineers together to improve womens health care. Such collaborations have long proved successful in fields like orthopedics, but technological advances in womens health have lagged contributing to some startling statistics. One in 10 babies in the U.S. is born prematurely, for example. And maternal mortality is on the rise, especially among women of color.

Theres a false idea in peoples minds that theres no more to know about pregnancy. Of course, any woman who has experienced a miscarriage or stillbirth, or has ended up being induced early because of preeclampsia, will disagree, Oyen says. We dont talk very often about how poorly we understand all this.

Im not personally going to solve all maternal health problems. Im part of a generation pushing the next generation forward toward solutions.

Oyen points to a few root causes of the problem. For good reasons, medical experiments arent typically performed during pregnancy. Animal models dont provide much helpful information, either. And, for decades, biomedical research was designed, performed and funded exclusively by men. This historical lack of gender diversity has likely also hampered the study of diseases that disproportionately affect women, like autoimmune disorders, as well as various conditions that lead hundreds of thousands of women each year to undergo hysterectomies.

The Center for Womens Health Engineering is already making strides in overcoming these challenges. In one ongoing project, Oyen studies the placenta with Anthony Odibo, the Virginia S. Lang Endowed Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the School of Medicine, and Ulugbek Kamilov, associate professor of computer science and engineering at the McKelvey School. Using machine learning and advanced imaging techniques, the researchers create computational models of placenta function. Such models provide insights into issues with the placenta that can occur early in pregnancy and cause long-term cardiovascular problems for both pregnant women and newborns.

Everyone is born with a placenta, Oyen says. I think in the grand scheme of womens health, this is what hasnt been appreciated. Were talking about things that affect all humans.

Students, particularly women training to be physicians and engineers, are taking note. Alongside research and entrepreneurship, Oyen cites education and training as an essential pillar of the center.

Its exciting to see enthusiastic young women wanting to use their engineering skills in this field, Oyen says. Im not personally going to solve all maternal health problems. Im part of a generation pushing the next generation forward toward solutions.

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Graduating Engineer Took These Steps to a Career in Greener Energy – UVA Engineering

Like many students, University of Virginia civil and environmental engineering student Reese Hertel wasnt sure when he arrived at the University of Virginia which path his career should take.

He thought he might want to use his Spanish skills. He considered working close to the Earth somehow. But one thing he was sure about.

One of my core beliefs is that it is my generations responsibility to fight climate change and to mitigate its impacts, he said.

Heres how Hertel, a fourth-year student, found his way to a job at Equinor, an international company focused on producing cleaner, greener energy.

During the spring of his first year, Hertel signed up for a coffee chat through the Center for Engineering Career Development.

Little did I know that this meeting at the Oakhurst Inn Cafe would end up being one of the most influential moments in my UVA career-development journey, he said.

Hertel met with Julia Lapan, director of the center. They discussed not just potential paths, but more importantly, our lives and our values.

Since that initial conversation, he has met with Lapan numerous times to discuss career goals, review resumes, conduct mock interviews, and evaluate internships and job offers.

Hertel likes to travel and explore, so he spent two of his college summers abroad.

He worked one summer for the environmental nonprofit Wellkind Guatemala doing reforestation work. The conservation internship allowed him to contribute to the 75,000 new trees the organization has planted since 2019.

Hertel also spent a semester in Valencia, Spain, where he completed his Spanish minor.

I knew that UVA had the potential to provide me with international opportunities, and I tried to take advantage of as many of these as possible, he said. These experiences were extremely rewarding and reaffirmed my desire to eventually work internationally.

Last summer, Hertel split his time away from coursework between a pair of internships.

The first was assisting professor James A. Smiths research in South Africa. Smith is the inventor of the MadiDrop+, a silver-embedded porous ceramic tablet for purification of household drinking water. About a fourth of the world does not have access to safe, clean water.

The second internship was as a project engineer for renewable energy firm East Point Energy in Charlottesville.

These experiences represented two directions, Hertel said. While I enjoyed some aspects of research, I preferred the work in clean energy and chose to continue on this career path.

In the fall, Hertel took professor Andrs Clarens Introduction to Green Engineering course. It was good timing. The professor was named an assistant director of the White Houses Office of Science Technology Policy earlier this year.

The introductory course on renewable energy covered a variety of topics, which exposed him to diverse careers within the field, he said.

We had opportunities to apply engineering knowledge and business principles to real-world situations, Hertel added. The course further increased my enthusiasm to work in renewable energy.

Part of the capstone process for completing the engineering program is refining ones personal mission statement.

I defined my philosophy as work that contributes to sustainable progress, improves the resilience of society and the environment, and leads to financial independence without sacrificing happiness or well-being, the civil and environmental engineer said.

Hes now headed to work for Equinor, East Points parent company, which is based in Norway but has locations worldwide. The company prides itself on its low-carbon energy portfolio and its push for net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Hertel will work in multiple departments, including internationally, as part of the companys graduate rotational program.

The opportunities for continuous learning, contributing to fight climate change and working abroad attracted me to this position, and I could not be more excited, he said. One of the biggest lessons that I learned during my time at UVA is that you do not need to know exactly what job you want to do, but it is incredibly important to understand and apply your core values to decisions about your future.

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Graduating Engineer Took These Steps to a Career in Greener Energy - UVA Engineering

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SDSU research recognized at construction engineering and management conference – SDSU Athletics

Selecting a project delivery method for construction projects is one of the most important decisions of the planning phase. However, very little research exists on the decision-making process for selecting a delivery method. SDSU assistant professor Phuong Nguyen's research explores how probability theory can better inform these decisions in an award-winning paper.

How can probability theory help improve the planning process for highway construction projects?

This is the basis for South Dakota State University assistant professor Phuong Nguyen's research, which was recognized as "Best Paper" for the "Contract, Delivery and Legal Issues" track at the American Society of Civil Engineers' 2024 Construction Research Congress.

"Selecting an appropriate project delivery method for highway construction projects is a complex decision that typically involves assessing many variables and the relationships between them," Nguyen said. "One of the main challenges is to accommodate changes in the relationships among variables as the project moves forward. The objective of this paper was to develop a Bayesian decision support-support model for project delivery method selection."

During the planning phase of construction projects, decision-makers must select one of three project delivery methods: design-bid-build, design-build or construction manager/general contractor. Each method has pros and cons and are optimized for different types of projects that are dependent on budget size and scale, among other factors.

"Past research has shown the selection of an appropriate delivery method as one of the most important decisions in the project planning stage," Nguyen said.

Despite its importance, there is very little research on the decision-making process behind selecting a project delivery method. To fill in the literature gap, Nguyen proposed using a type of probability model Bayesian networks to help better inform these decisions for more effective projects.

For his proposed model, Nguyen collected data from 177 completed highways projects across the United States. He extracted various data points from each project, which were inputted into a decision-making model. The outcomes of the model returned true or false probability values for each delivery method.

"The proposed data-driven Bayesian model can construct a causal network to visualize the probabilistic relationships between variables in project delivery method selection and update the probabilities of the selection outcomes when more information becomes available," Nguyen said.

The key to the Bayesian model, as Nguyen notes, is its ability to consistently reflect the most up-to-date information. This allows for better decision-making throughout the planning phase.

The applications of Nguyen's work will assist transportation agencies in selecting appropriate project delivery methods for future highway construction projects. With historical data and new information for the given project, Nguyen's model will lead to effective decision-making in the planning phase of large-scale construction projects.

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SDSU research recognized at construction engineering and management conference - SDSU Athletics

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Digital textbooks expand learning for engineering students – South African study – The Conversation Indonesia

In the past four years its become increasingly common for part or all of a university students learning to happen online. This transition to digital learning platforms has highlighted the digital divide within educational contexts.

In poorer, less resourced and connected countries like South Africa, this divide is not merely a matter of who has access to digital devices and who doesnt. Its also about whether students are digitally literate. This is about more than merely navigating digital devices and platforms. Its also about being able to think and evaluate information critically and to creatively use technology in problem-solving.

Universities and other educational institutions need to urgently integrate digital literacy training into their curricula. Students need to become familiar with the technical aspects of digital tools and develop the mindset to use these tools for learning, research and innovation.

So, how can this be done? My PhD in engineering education research centred on how novice engineering students at a South African university of technology use e-textbooks to develop digital literacy skills. My findings suggest that e-textbooks could make engineering education more inclusive and engaging. Students found the e-textbooks features helpful for grasping complex engineering concepts. This, in turn, enhanced their conceptual understanding.

This suggests its a good idea to integrate e-textbooks into engineering education in South Africa. Its not enough to focus on the technological aspects, though. There must also be a concerted effort to address the socio-economic and educational barriers that students face.

E-textbooks are becoming an increasingly integral part of university education around the world. These digital resources conveniently give students access to learning materials from any location at any time. They are also cheaper than paper textbooks.

E-textbooks are interactive, with embedded multimedia elements and quizzes. This caters to diverse learning styles, making study sessions more engaging and effective. The ease of updating digital content also ensures that students have the latest information. Thats a big advantage in rapidly evolving fields such as engineering.

Unlike traditional textbooks, e-textbooks can include interactive elements that encourage students to work with their peers.

Features such as shared annotations, discussion forums and interactive exercises can make them a dynamic platform for collaborative learning. This enriches the learning experience and fosters a sense of community among students, a critical factor in educational success.

I invited first-year students at a South African university to participate in my study. A total of 73 students from two engineering departments Chemical Engineering and Maritime Studies responded to the survey.

I then selected 14 participants for a qualitative in-depth investigation. They engaged in individual and group reading activities. These sessions were followed by interviews. The students offered insights into their understanding and previous practices with digital texts. They also told me how they used the prescribed e-textbook.

It became evident that students were not mere passive consumers of information. Some adopted emerging digital literacy practices. They navigated the e-textbooks easily, using hyperlinks for quick access to previous chapters and revision. They watched embedded videos to grasp complex concepts. They used emojis to annotate and personalise their readings and the highlighting feature to emphasise crucial points.

Others engaged more superficially with the content. In these instances, students simply read the text and viewed the illustrations, much as theyd use paper books. This can likely be explained by the fact that many students, especially those coming from rural areas or under-resourced schools in South Africa, might have limited exposure to digital devices and technology before entering university. Students not accustomed to using digital devices would take time to adjust.

I also found that many students werent using the e-textbooks collaborative functions even though they told me during discussions that they recognised collaborating could be valuable. One student suggested:

The e-textbook should include interactive features for collaboration [online], such as studying in groups where everyone sees each others highlights in different colours.

My findings suggest that e-textbooks could make engineering education more inclusive. These digital resources can help create an environment where students from diverse backgrounds, with varying abilities and learning preferences, can learn effectively.

For example, a student with dyslexia might find traditional textbooks challenging. The different modes that an e-textbook uses to provide content, such as video explanations, offer alternative pathways to understanding complex engineering concepts.

Traditional paper books often overlook the unique needs of learners and students with special educational needs.

However, while e-textbooks present a promising tool for enhancing learning experiences, their impact on educational inequalities cannot be overlooked. The mere availability of digital resources does not ensure equitable access. Financial barriers, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate digital literacy are hurdles that many South African students face.

The adoption of e-textbooks must be accompanied by targeted interventions designed to address these challenges. For example, universities could provide free or heavily subsidised access to e-textbooks to assist poorer students. Partnerships between institutions and publishers may also be fruitful.

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Digital textbooks expand learning for engineering students - South African study - The Conversation Indonesia

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