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What Would Institutions Look Like In A World Guided By Bitcoin? – Bitcoin Magazine

Without common ideas, there is no common action, and without common action men still exist, but a social body does not. Thus in order that there be society, and all the more, that this society prosper, it is necessary that all the minds of the citizens always be brought together and held together by some principle ideas. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

After reading the quote above by the ever-prescient Alexis de Tocqueville, it strikes me that if a society is to be held together by some principle ideas, then the nature and content of such ideas must be exceedingly important. Furthermore, if these ideas lose their potency or become misshapen, the society necessarily degrades. Here in the United States, this process appears to be unfolding before our eyes, leaving us in desperate need of new ideas and a recommitment to a common ideal.

Thankfully, our society is shifting in such a way that a kind of re-founding appears to be possible in the near future, but only if the right idea becomes widely embraced. Perhaps the importance of low time preference, understood through the lens of Bitcoin, can be one such principle idea that brings people together and leads to, not only a great American revival, but a golden age of human flourishing. Powerful ideas, however, sometimes depend on tangible metaphors in order to achieve broad adoption. I propose that planting groves of sequoia trees and hosting public Bitcoin nodes at the center of these groves can serve as a physical manifestation of this principle idea known as low time preference. Allow me to explore this concept more thoroughly below.

Delayed gratification is the bedrock of civilization. Planning for the future and deferring consumption are prerequisites to child-rearing, agriculture, technology, cooperation and the construction of every tool, every building, every work of art ever made. In short, all good things take time.

Inversely, instant gratification, if indulged too much, entails a litany of ills that manifest on every level of the human condition from failing personal health to crumbling infrastructure to breakdown in the political process. Taken to the extreme, high time preference reverts human progress by reducing the complexity of our endeavors. Without the ability to lower ones time preference and, therefore, invest effort across time, humanity would simply be a collection of taller, less hairy chimpanzees doomed to walk the Earth in constant struggle against the elements and against each other. The ability to modulate our time preference, however, gives us choice. By tuning this mental faculty, we can chart a course toward either civilization or barbarism.

Sadly, our society is lurching toward barbarism as we continually prove incapable of undertaking the kinds of projects that have defined the great civilizations throughout history. Our roads and bridges are crumbling, our children are being raised by screens and strangers, our soil is eroding, and what passes for art now is often an unskilled discharge of obscenity or mere entropy. We post selfies, binge eat fast food, and watch Netflix while demonizing the most successful among us.

The causes for todays pandemic of instant gratification are multivariate, but the abandonment of sound money lies at the heart of it all. As so starkly illustrated by the collection of graphs on wtfhappenedin1971.com, the abandonment of sanity in the monetary realm has wrought untold damage to human flourishing over the last 50 years. But why?

Civilization is a highly complex and dynamic process requiring the exchange of information and value across time and space. If the medium by which either information or value is exchanged becomes degraded, then civilization inevitably declines. The introduction of purely fiat money in the 1970s has produced massive distortions to the transfer of value among individuals and institutions and has led to a society addicted to high time preference behavior. Luckily, Bitcoin fixes this, however, the erosion of the institutions that used to bind us and help propel us forward will remain a problem until we act upon our low time preference by building new institutions that will endure the ravages of time.

While I am inherently skeptical of all things collectivist, the fact remains that we are social animals instinctively drawn toward communal enterprise. We have the same latent capacity for greatness as the humans who built the Taj Mahal, the Hagia Sophia, the Golden Gate Bridge, and who used slide rules and protractors to send Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the moon. It is incumbent on us, therefore, as Bitcoiners at the dawn of a new age, to fill the vacuum left by the declining institutions of our day by building new institutions according to our own specifications and adhering to our own values.

These institutions must span the scale from local meetups, schools and civic organizations, to national media, higher education and fully fledged governments. These institutions must preserve individual sovereignty. These institutions must encourage people to lower their time preference and partake in tasks greater than themselves which require substantial amounts of time and effort to bear fruit. By pooling resources while preserving individual freedom, we can build up civilization to new and grander heights.

I dont pretend to have the exact blueprints for these new institutions, but I do think its natural to start at the most local, most basic, most grassroots level and then build from there. I have an idea for one such institution that, at the very least, might help spur more ideas in this space. The working title for this idea is the Bitcoin Tree Forum, or BTF for short (Bitcoin Tree Cathedral or Local Bitcoin Forum are other possible names in keeping with its intention). A Bitcoin Tree Forum consists of a grove of trees planted by Bitcoiners with a publicly accessible Bitcoin node running at the center of it or to begin, a QR code from a dedicated public node. If Bitcoin evolves to be the global public utility that we envision it to be, then it should have some kind of public interface in every human community.

These BTFs could simply be places of education, discussion and long-term planning. I have a sense, however, that some exciting new use cases could be imagined which utilize public nodes anchored to a specific geographic community. The trees you can call them Nakamoto Trees planted around this node should be the largest and longest lived species capable of thriving in the local climate. For much of the United States and Europe, the tree of choice would be the Giant Sequoia. In the long run, BTFs can serve as important physical and social anchors for any given community, but in the near term, they can act as places of education and inspiration for the many people who have yet to grasp the importance of Bitcoin. If this idea resonates with you, I invite you to visit BTreeC.com and sign up for the newsletter. You can also follow me on twitter @btcfangorn.

I hope this idea will at least inspire other attempts at building new institutions to better serve us in the decades to come. And if all thats left behind from the effort are groves of long-standing trees, then think of them as a gift to our descendants, an outward manifestation of the civilization enriching values which Bitcoin helps instill in all those who take the time to (try to) understand it.

This is a guest post by Fangorn. Opinions expressed are entirely their own and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc. or Bitcoin Magazine.

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Bitcoin Faces Resistance While Ethereum and Altcoins Rise – Cryptonews

Bitcoin price struggled to stay above the USD 48,000 level and it started a fresh decline. BTC traded below the USD 47,500 support level. It is currently (04:28 UTC) facing an increase in selling pressure, with a major support near USD 46,200.

Conversely, many major altcoins gained bullish momentum. ETH is up over 5% and it broke the USD 3,400 resistance. XRP is also rising and it surpassed the USD 1.15 resistance. ADA could rally if it clears USD 2.88.

Total market capitalization

After struggling above USD 48,000, bitcoin price reacted to the downside. BTC traded below the USD 47,500 and USD 47,200 support levels. The price even traded below USD 46,800, but it stayed above USD 46,500. The main breakdown support is near the USD 46,200 level, below which the bears might take control.On the upside, an immediate resistance is near the USD 47,200 level. The first major resistance is near the USD 48,000 level, above which the price might start a steady recovery towards USD 49,200.

Ethereum price started a steady increase after it broke the USD 3,300 resistance. ETH even climbed above USD 3,400 and it tested USD 3,475. The price is now correcting gains, but it could find bids near USD 3,400 and USD 3,380.If there is a fresh increase, the price might test the USD 3,500 resistance. Any more gains could open the doors for a move towards USD 3,650 in the coming sessions.

Cardano (ADA) is still stuck in a range near the USD 2.80 pivot level. An immediate resistance is near USD 2.85. The key barrier is near the USD 2.88 and USD 2.95. A close above USD 2.95 could spark a rally towards USD 3.20 or even USD 3.25.Litecoin (LTC) climbed above USD 172 and tested the USD 175 resistance. It seems like the bulls are facing resistance near USD 175. If they succeed, the price could rise towards the USD 188 level. Any more gains may possibly lead the price towards the USD 200 level.Dogecoin (DOGE) spiked above USD 0.280 and tested USD 0.285. However, there was no upside continuation and the price corrected lower. On the downside, the bulls are active near USD 0.265. The main breakdown support is still near the USD 0.250 level.XRP price is up over 5% and it was able to climb above USD 1.15. The price even surpassed USD 1.18 and it might continue to rise towards the USD 1.20 resistance. Any more gains could set the pace for a larger increase towards the USD 1.25 level. If there is a downside correction, the price might find bids near USD 1.15.

Many altcoins are up over 5%, including KSM, SAND, EGLD, AAVE, DOT, ALGO, AR, UNI, REV, YFI, WAVES, CRV, and FTT. Out of these, KSM rallied 19% and it surpassed the USD 380 level.

Overall, bitcoin price is still struggling below the USD 48,000 and USD 48,500 resistance levels. If BTC fails to stay above USD 46,500, there could be a stronger decline._____

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Bitcoin Bull and Bear Cycles To Become a Thing of the Past, According to On-Chain Analyst Willy Woo – The Daily Hodl

On-chain analyst Willy Woo says that pronounced bull and bear cycles will become a thing of the past for Bitcoin.

In a new interview with news personality Natalie Brunell, Woo says that the typical four-year cycles that most analysts observe in Bitcoin will be replaced by a drunken walk upward, much like the S&P 500 or other major stock indices.

The schedule really is for this bull market to peter out around December onwards, and currently, the on-chain data is saying otherwise

Now that were approaching our fourth quarter the data looks quite different from any cycle weve seen before, and people keep thinking that well template this bull/bear cycle to past ones and if youd look on-chain structurally, everything looks different

I think its a fair chance that well not go into what we think which is a traditional Bitcoin bear market, which generally is a huge retrace of maybe 80% of its value, and it also takes about nine months to a year to shake out. I dont think thats going to happen, and I think now judging from the maturity of this market and the impact of the different parts of the demand and supply from different parts of the ecosystem, were breaking out of this four-year cycle which is really contingent on the network being programed to halve.

The Bitcoin four-year cycle suggests that BTC goes through a massive run-up on year one, followed by a brutal bear market, and then an accumulation phase prior to recovery and continuation.

Woo says he sees Bitcoin as being in its last cycle, before entering a new era where Bitcoin no longer has obvious bull and bear markets.

I dont think were going to have like what we see these normal four-year cycles again. Im calling this the last cycle. And people will think thats very somber and bearish, but no I mean like, this thing does a drunk walk of ups and downs, trending upwards as it finds its adoption for indefinite amounts of time. These four-year cycles are gone. Thats what I think might be happening, which is a big revelation because thats against the expectation of the majority think, so well see if that plays out.

I

Featured Image: Shutterstock/Mopic

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IBM quantum computing: From healthcare to automotive to energy, real use cases are in play – TechRepublic

Companies including Anthem, Daimler-Benz and ExxonMobil, have big plans to deploy IBM quantum computers this decade.

Image: PhonlamaiPhoto, Getty Images/iStockphoto

Quantum computers have been receiving a lot of attention because of their potential to solve computationally difficult problems that classical computers cannot. Among those problems are the abilities to help companies reduce their carbon footprint and protect the world from the next pandemic.

SEE: The CIO's guide to quantum computing (free PDF) (TechRepublic)

Since announcing the IBM Quantum Network in 2017 with 12 initial organizations, today IBM said its commercial quantum computing program has grown to more than 150 Fortune 500 companies, academic institutions, startups and national research labs. Some 260,000 users have run nearly a trillion circuits, according to the company.

Last spring, IBM rolled out Qiskit Runtime, and the ability to speed up quantum programs on the cloud by 120x, as well as IBM's to deliver a 1,000+ qubit system by 2023.

In addition to increasing speed, Qiskit Runtime changes how IBM is able to offer quantum computing to clients and make it more widely available, the company said.

"Before we got to Runtime, clients were doing research using simulators," and now they can investigate applications for finance, machine learning and chemistry using real hardware, said Jay Gambetta, IBM fellow and vice president of quantum computing.

"To me, this is fundamentally important because a simulator can never mimic quantum computing, so you need to do your research and development on the hardware and that's what's getting enabled," Gambetta said. "I see this year as when this fully comes out of beta and will be the new way of using quantum" to ask questions such as whether quantum will scale in the way clients can use apps."

In the meantime, customers are incorporating quantum into their plans for the future. At healthcare provider Anthem, quantum computing is "an integral part of our digital platform for health," and is being used for "computationally intense and expensive tasks such as identifying anomalies, where there's tons of data and interactions," said John Utz, staff vice president of digital product management.

Quantum computers are better at that than classical computers, Utz said. Anthem is running different models on IBM's quantum cloud. Right now, company officials are building a roadmap around how Anthem wants to deliver its platform using quantum technology, so "I can't say quantum is ready for primetime yet," Utz said. "The plan is to get there over the next year or so and have something working in production."

SEE: Expert: Now is the time to prepare for the quantum computing revolution(TechRepublic)

A good place to start with anomaly detection is in finding fraud, he said. "Classical computers will tap out at some point and can't get to the same place as quantum computers."

Other use cases are around longitudinal population health modeling, meaning that as Anthem looks at providing more of a digital platform for health, one of the challenges is that there is "almost an infinite number of relationships," he said. This includes different health conditions, providers patients see, outcomes and figuring out where there are outliers, he said.

"There's only so much a classical system can do there, so we're looking for more opportunities to improve healthcare for our members and the population at large," and the ability to proactively predict risk, Utz said. Quantum computers are better at driving outcomes from the models Anthem is building, he said.

Daimler AG, the parent company of Mercedes-Benz, is studying how to develop energy-dense batteries such as the lithium-sulfur battery. But going from the drawing board to a commercially viable Li-S battery is "essentially a mammoth chemistry experiment," the company said.

Engineers are testing quantum systems to distill some very abstract physics theory into a new kind of computing power that can handle what IBM calls "once-insoluble complexity." Using quantum bits known as qubits, the performance doubles, giving a substantial boost to the ability to run algorithms to speed the simulation process and test the feasibility of the battery, the company said.

Energy challenges are expected to increase as the global population grows from 7.5 billion today to a projected 9.2 billion by 2040, according to ExxonMobil. This has created what the company refers to as the "dual challenge" of providing reliable and affordable energy to a rising population while also reducing environmental impacts and the risks of climate change.

One way to tackle that challenge in the near term is to use natural gas, which emits up to 60% less greenhouse gases than coal, according to Dr. Vijay Swarup, vice president of research and development at ExxonMobil, in a statement. This creates issues with production and transportation, he said.

SEE: Startup claims new "quantum analog computer" solved the traveling salesman problem for 128 cities(TechRepublic)

It requires efficient liquified natural gas shipping, but finding optimal routes for a fleet of LNG ships to transport critical fuel supplies is a "mind-bendingly complex optimization problem." It involves accounting for each ship's position every day of the year along with the LNG requirements of each delivery site.

This type of problem cannot be solved exactly with classical computing, IBM said. So ExxonMobil, in tandem with IBM Research, is using a combination of classical and quantum computers to address the complexity. Teams are modeling maritime inventory routing on quantum devices, analyzing the strengths and tradeoffs of different strategies for vehicle and inventory routing, and laying the foundation for constructing practical solutions for their operations, IBM said.

Swarup said ExxonMobil's goal is to increase its ability to tackle more complex optimizations and previously insoluble routing problems as IBM's quantum hardware scales from small prototype systems to larger devices.

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Quantum Computing in Manufacturing Market Rising Trends-Microsoft, D-Wave Solutions, Rigetti Computing, Intel UNLV The Rebel Yell – UNLV The Rebel…

This report studies the Quantum Computing in Manufacturing Market with many aspects of the industry like the market size, market status, market trends, and forecast, the report also provides brief information of the competitors and the specific growth opportunities with key market drivers. Find the complete Quantum Computing in Manufacturing Market analysis segmented by companies, region, type, and applications in the report.

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Top Companiesin the Global Quantum Computing in Manufacturing Market:IBM, Google, Microsoft, D-Wave Solutions, Rigetti Computing, Intel, Origin Quantum Computing Technology, Anyon Systems Inc., Cambridge Quantum Computing Limited,

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The Guardian view on the quantum world: where facts are relative – The Guardian

The American physicist Richard Feynman thought that nobody understands quantum mechanics. That is no longer true. Smartphones, nuclear plants, medical scans and laser-operated doors have been built with insights from the physics that governs the subatomic level. What perplexes many is that the quantum world is governed by rules that run counter to classical notions of physical laws.

In quantum mechanics, nature is not deterministic. Subatomic particles do not travel a path that can be plotted. It is possible only to calculate the probability of finding these specks at a particular point. Where such calculations leave physics, that hardest of the hard sciences, has troubled its greatest minds. Albert Einstein thought the idea that an element of chance lay deep in science was absurd. God does not play dice, he famously declared.

Physics is full of predictions that could be confirmed or denied once the technology to examine them had caught up. Einstein was proved wrong. In his new book, Helgoland, the Italian theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli narrates how a scientific revolution was started by a young German physicist, Werner Heisenberg. He first devised quantum theory during a summer holiday in 1925 spent on the barren North Sea island of the books name.

The world, thought Heisenberg, could not be stated exactly, merely known through models of uncertainty and probability. He won a Nobel prize in 1932, though his achievements were tarnished by tacit support of Nazi Germany. The theory was that the world people experience is decided upon when many possibilities of the quantum world collapse to become the certainty of the classical one. This led to Erwin Schrdingers cat-in-a-box thought experiment. Quantum theory suggested that only by opening the container could it be determined if the feline was dead or alive. If the box remains closed the unfortunate cat is in limbo in a state between life and death, a superposition of possibilities.

Prof Rovelli dismantles attempts to explain away the indeterminacy of quantum mechanics. First, he takes on the many worlds thesis, which claims that every possible alternative exists and we just see one of them. In short, Schrdingers cat is alive in one universe and dead in another. Some claim that Heisenbergs work would collapse for some as yet undiscovered macroscopic entity. In this explanation, the cat is too big to be subject to quantum physics. More recently, it has been argued that quantum systems do have definite properties; we just do not know enough about those systems to precisely predict their behaviour. But in Helgoland, this is dismissed as an attempt to return to a pre-1920s view.

Quantum theory, Prof Rovelli says, views the physical world as a net of relations. Objects are its nodes. In his relational interpretation, Schrdingers cat has properties only when it interacts with something else. When it is not interacting, it has no properties. Prof Rovelli reaches for Buddhist thought to explain his ideas. He claims that if nothing exists in itself, surely everything exists solely through dependence. Facts are relative, he writes, opening up a debate that is likely to last longer than the century of argument that it seeks to close.

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Can quantum effects in the brain explain consciousness? – New Scientist

New research reveals hints of quantum states in tiny proteins called microtubules inside brain cells. If the results stand up, the idea that consciousness is quantum might come in from the cold

By Thomas Lewton

Skizzomat

IF IT is a controversial idea that warm, wet life might exploit quantum magic, thats nothing compared with certain researchers convictions that quantum phenomena might help explain human consciousness.

Orchestrated objective reduction theory (Orch OR), originally proposed by physicist Roger Penrose and anaesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff in the 1990s, seeks to bridge the gulf between physical matter and felt experience. The idea is that consciousness arises when gravitational instabilities in the fundamental structure of space-time collapse quantum wave functions in tiny proteins called microtubules, which are found inside neurons.

It is heady stuff, but if pulling together quantum mechanics, gravity and consciousness in one fell swoop sounds too good to be true, it might be. Orch ORs critics argue that any quantum coherence inside microtubules would fall apart in the warm and noisy environs of grey matter long before it could have any effect on the workings of neurons.

Yet in one tantalising experiment last year, as-yet unpublished, Jack Tuszynski at the University of Alberta in Canada and Aristide Dogariu at the University of Central Florida found that light shone on microtubules was very slowly re-emitted over several minutes a hallmark of quantum goings-on. This is crazy, says Tuszynski, who set about building a theoretical microtubule model to describe what he was seeing.

Gregory Scholes, a biochemist at Princeton University, is studying microtubules for signs of similar quantum effects. Initial experiments point to long-lived, long-range collective behaviour among molecules in the structures. Both groups plan to test whether anaesthetics, which switch consciousness on and off, have any impact on microtubules. There is amazing structure and synchrony in biological systems, says

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Quantum crystal could reveal the identity of dark matter – Space.com

Using a quirk of quantum mechanics, researchers have created a beryllium crystal capable of detecting incredibly weak electromagnetic fields. The work could one day be used to detect hypothetical dark matter particles called axions.

The researchers created their quantum crystal by trapping 150 charged beryllium particles or ions using a system of electrodes and magnetic fields that helped overcome their natural repulsion for each other, Ana Maria Rey, an atomic physicist at JILA, a joint institute between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado Boulder, told Live Science.

Related: The 18 biggest unsolved mysteries in physics

When Rey and her colleagues trapped the ions with their system of fields and electrodes, the atoms self-assembled into a flat sheet twice as thick as a human hair. This organized collective resembled a crystal that would vibrate when disturbed by some outside force.

"When you excite the atoms, they don't move individually," Rey said. "They move as a whole."

When that beryllium "crystal" encountered an electromagnetic field, it moved in response, and that movement could be translated into a measurement of the field strength.

But measurements of any quantum mechanical system are subject to limits set by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which states that certain properties of a particle, such as its position and momentum, can't simultaneously be known with high precision.

The team figured out a way to get around this limit with entanglement, where quantum particles' attributes are inherently linked together.

"By using entanglement, we can sense things that aren't possible otherwise," Rey said.

In this case, she and her colleagues entangled the motions of the beryllium ions with their spins. Quantum systems resemble tiny tops and spin describes the direction, say up or down, that those tops are pointing.

When the crystal vibrated, it would move a certain amount. But because of the uncertainty principle, any measurement of that displacement, or the amount the ions moved, would be subject to precision limits and contain a lot of what's known as quantum noise, Rey said.

To measure the displacement, "we need a displacement larger than the quantum noise," she said.

Entanglement between the ions' motions and their spins spreads this noise out, reducing it and allowing the researchers to measure ultra-tiny fluctuations in the crystal. They tested the system by sending a weak electromagnetic wave through it and seeing it vibrate. The work is described Aug. 6 in the journal Science.

The crystal is already 10 times more sensitive at detecting teensy electromagnetic signals than previous quantum sensors. But the team thinks that with more beryllium ions, they could create an even more sensitive detector capable of searching for axions.

Axions are a proposed ultralight dark matter particle with a millionth or a billionth the mass of an electron. Some models of the axion suggest that it may be able to sometimes convert into a photon, in which case it would no longer be dark and would produce a weak electromagnetic field. Were any axions to fly through a lab containing this beryllium crystal, the crystal might pick up their presence.

"I think it's a beautiful result and an impressive experiment," Daniel Carney, a theoretical physicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, who was not involved in the research, told Live Science.

Along with helping in the hunt for dark matter, Carney believes the work could find many applications, such as looking for stray electromagnetic fields from wires in a lab or searching for defects in a material.

Originally published on Live Science.

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For The First Time, Physicists Observed a Quantum Property That Makes Water Weird – ScienceAlert

There's a storm in your teacup of the likes we barely understand. Water molecules flipping about madly, reaching out to one another, grabbing hold and letting go in unique ways that defy easy study.

While physicists know the phenomenon of hydrogen bonding plays a key role in water's many weird and wonderful configurations, certain details of exactly how this works have remained rather vague.

An international team of researchers took a new approach to imaging the positions of particles making up liquid water, capturing their blur with femtosecondprecision to reveal how hydrogen and oxygen jostle within water molecules.

Their results might not help us make a better cup of tea, but they go a long way in fleshing out the quantum modelling of hydrogen bonds, potentially improving theories explaining why water so vital for life as we know it has such intriguing properties.

"This has really opened a new window to study water," says Xijie Wang, a physicist with the US Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

"Now that we can finally see the hydrogen bonds moving, we'd like to connect those movements with the broader picture, which could shed light on how water led to the origin and survival of life on Earth and inform the development of renewable energy methods."

In isolation, a single molecule of water is a three-way custody battle over electrons between two hydrogen atoms and a single oxygen.

With far more protons than its pair of weenie sidekicks, oxygen gets slightly more of the molecule's electron love. This leaves each hydrogen with a little more electron-free time than usual. The tiny atoms aren't exactly left positively charged, but it does make for a V-shaped molecule with a gentle slope of subtly positive tips and a slightly negative core.

Throw a number of these molecules together with enough energy, and the small variations in charge will arrange themselves accordingly, with same charges pushing apart and unlike charges coming together.

While that might all sound simple enough, the engine behind this process is anything but straight-forward. Electrons zoom about under the influence of various quantum laws, meaning the closer we look, the less certain we can be about certain properties.

Previously, physicists had relied on ultrafast spectroscopy to gain an understanding of the way electrons move in water's chaotic tug-of-war, catching photons of light and analyzing their signature to map the electron positions.

Unfortunately, this leaves out a crucial part of the scenery the atoms themselves. Far from passive bystanders, they also flex and wobble with respect to the quantum forces shifting around them.

"The low mass of the hydrogen atoms accentuates their quantum wave-like behavior," says SLAC physicist Kelly Gaffney.

To gain insights into the atoms' arrangements, the team used something called a Megaelectronvolt Ultrafast Electron Diffraction Instrument, or MeV-UED.This device at the SLAC's National Accelerator Laboratory showers the water with electrons, which carry crucial information on the atoms' arrangements as they ricochet from the molecules.

(Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)

Above: Animation shows how a water molecule responds after being hit with laser light. As the excited water molecule starts to vibrate, its hydrogen atoms (white) tug oxygen atoms (red) from neighboring water molecules closer, before pushing them away, expanding the space between the molecules.

With enough snapshots, it was possible to build a high-resolution picture of the jiggle of hydrogen as the molecules bend and flex around them, revealing how they drag oxygen from neighboring molecules towards them before violently shoving them back again.

"This study is the first to directly demonstrate that the response of the hydrogen bond network to an impulse of energy depends critically on the quantum mechanical nature of how the hydrogen atoms are spaced out, which has long been suggested to be responsible for the unique attributes of water and its hydrogen bond network," says Gaffney.

Now that the tool has been shown to work in principle, researchers can use it to study the turbulent waltz of water molecules as pressures rise and temperatures fall, watching how it responds to life-building organic solutes or forms amazing new phases under exotic conditions.

Never did a storm look quite so graceful.

This research was published in Nature.

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Experimental Confirmation of the Fundamental Principle of Wave-Particle Duality – SciTechDaily

Complementarity relation of wave-particle duality is analyzed quantitatively with entangled photons as path detectors.

The twenty-first century has undoubtedly been the era of quantum science. Quantum mechanics was born in the early twentieth century and has been used to develop unprecedented technologies which include quantum information, quantum communication, quantum metrology, quantum imaging, and quantum sensing. However, in quantum science, there are still unresolved and even inapprehensible issues like wave-particle duality and complementarity, superposition of wave functions, wave function collapse after quantum measurement, wave function entanglement of the composite wave function, etc.

To test the fundamental principle of wave-particle duality and complementarity quantitatively, a quantum composite system that can be controlled by experimental parameters is needed. So far, there have been several theoretical proposals after Neils Bohr introduced the concept of complementarity in 1928, but only a few ideas have been tested experimentally, with them detecting interference patterns with low visibility. Thus, the concept of complementarity and wave-particle duality still remains elusive and has not been fully confirmed experimentally yet.

Figure 1. Double-path single-photon interferometer with controllable source purity used in our ENBS model. Two SPDC crystals, PPLN1 and PPLN2, are pumped and seeded simultaneously by the same pump and seed coherent lasers, respectively, resulting in the emission of two signal photons s1 or s2 for quantum interference detection at PD. Then, conjugate idler photons i1 and i2 provide the which-path (or which-source) information, where the controllable source purity is determined by the overlap between the SPACS of one of the idler modes and the unchanged coherent state of another idler mode. Two idler fields can be detected independently by detectors DA and DB. Credit: Institute for Basic Science

To address this issue, a research team from the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) constructed a double-path interferometer consisting of two parametric downconversion crystals seeded by coherent idler fields, which is shown in Figure1. The device generates coherent signal photons (quantons) that are used for quantum interference measurement. The quantons then travel down two separate paths before reaching the detector. The conjugate idler fields are used for extracting path information with controllable fidelity, which is useful for quantitatively elucidating the complementarity.

In a real experiment, the source of quantons is not pure due to its entanglement with the remaining degrees of freedom. However, the quanton source purity is tightly bounded by the entanglement between the generated quantons and all the other remaining degrees of freedom by the relation s = (1 E2), which the researchers confirmed experimentally.

Figure 2. Quantitative complementarity relation of wave-particle duality. (A) Quantitative complementarity relation P2 + V2 = s2 with respect with respect to = 2 / 1 and = 2. Here, path predictability P represents particle-like behavior, while fringe visibility V represents wave-like behavior of the quanton in the double-path interferometer. The totality of complementarity is bounded by the source purity. (B) Source purity s of the quanton (signal photon) and entanglement E between the quanton and which-path (which-source) detector form another complementarity relation s2 + E2 = 1. These two measures are plotted with respect to = 2 / 1 and = 2.Credit: Institute for Basic Science

The wave-particle duality and the quantitative complementarity P2 + V2 = s2 (P, a priori predictability; V, visibility) were analyzed and tested using this entangled nonlinear bi-photon source (ENBS) system, where the superposition states of the quantons are quantum mechanically entangled with conjugate idler states in a controllable manner. It was shown that a priori predictability, visibility, entanglement (thus, source purity, and fidelity in our ENBS model) strictly depend on the seed beam photon numbers. This points to the potential application of this approach for the preparation of distant entangled photon states.

Figure 3. Fringe visibility V and a priori visibility V0 as functions of = 2 / 1 and = 2. Blue points are experimental data taken from the teams recent paper. Experimental data coincide with the visibility V, not a priori visibility V0 across the whole ranges of and ||. This plot validates the teams analysis of the ENBS experimental results in terms of the wave-particle duality and quantitative complementarity relations. Credit: Institute for Basic Science

Richard Feynman once stated that solving the puzzle of quantum mechanics lies in the understanding of the double-slit experiment. It is anticipated that the interpretation based on the double-path interferometry experiments with ENBS will have fundamental implications for better understanding the principle of complementarity and the wave-particle duality relation quantitatively.

Reference: Quantitative complementarity of wave-particle duality by Tai Hyun Yoon and Minhaeng Cho, 18 August 2021, Science Advances.DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9268

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