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DeepMinds AI lights path to faster drug development

Googles parent company, Alphabet, has announced the launch of Isomorphic Labs, an AI-driven drug discovery company, built on research from its DeepMind subsidiary.

For over a decade DeepMind has been in the vanguard of advancing the state-of-the-art in AI, Demis Hassabis, founder and CEO of both Isomorphic Labs and DeepMind, wrote in a blog post.

We are at an exciting moment in history now where these techniques and methods are becoming powerful and sophisticated enough to be applied to real-world problems, he added, including scientific discovery itself.

The challenge: Drug discovery starts with scientists identifying potential treatment targets typically proteins or genes linked to a disease. Theyll then look for a molecule or compound that affects or hits that target.

Drug discovery takes, on average, more than 10 years and $2.8 billion per drug.

A recent example of this was the identification of the spike protein on the coronavirus as a target for COVID-19. This led to the discovery of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that can stick to the spike and neutralize it.

The problem with this approach to drug discovery is that it usually takes on average more than 10 years and $2.8 billion per drug. Most diseases arent like COVID-19, with one big, clear target with well-known weapons, like antibodies, to hit it. There may be thousands of potential candidates and identifying promising ones is largely a process of trial and error.

AI-driven drug discovery: AI has emerged as a way to speed up drug discovery. Trained systems can look at a treatment target and then identify promising drug candidates from a library of options far more quickly than scientists in a lab.

This isnt just a theory Alphabet is banking on, either weve already seen examples of it in action.

An AI developed by U.K. company Exscientia, for example, discovered an anticancer molecule thats now heading into clinical trials and it did so in just eight months. Without the AI, that discovery would have likely taken 4 to 5 years.

Isomorphics mission could not be a more important one: find cures for some of humanitys most devastating diseases.

The cold water: AI might be able to help us quickly identify candidates that look promising on a molecular level, but thats just one aspect of drug discovery those candidates will still need to prove themselves in lab tests, animal trials, and human trials.

The laborious, resource-draining work of doing the biochemistry and biological evaluation of, for example, drug functions [will remain], Helen Walden, a professor of structural biology at the University of Glasgow, told the Verge with regards to AIs use in drug discovery.

Looking ahead: Isomorphic Labs will reportedly collaborate with DeepMind researchers, when appropriate, but will also operate independently. It is now looking to staff up with biologists, chemists, AI experts, and more to help it meet its lofty goal.

Isomorphics mission could not be a more important one: to use AI to accelerate drug discovery, and ultimately, find cures for some of humanitys most devastating diseases, Hassabis wrote.

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Meadows said the ‘only thing on my mind’ was RBG’s vacant seat when she died: book – Business Insider

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Former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows says he immediately began thinking about the newly vacant seat on the Supreme Court after the death of liberal Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on September 2020.

According to Meadows' new book, "The Chief's Chief," Meadows learned of Ginsburg's death while his boss, former President Donald Trump, spoke at a rally in Minnesota.

As was reported at the time, Meadows said he wanted to avoid letting Trump know about the liberal justice's death until after he was done speaking, because he worried about optics of the crowd cheering on her death.

"Because of the energy of the crowd, and the general tendency of people in large groups to act unpredictably, I decided to direct [Dan Scavino] and [Johnny McEntee] to withhold the news about Ginsburg from the president until he had finished speaking," Meadows wrote. "To be blunt, I believed that if he announced the news from the podium, the crowd would likely erupt in cheers over the new vacancy on the court."

But Meadows himself was already fixated on what would come next.

"The only thing on my mind was that newly vacant seat on the Supreme Court, and how it was my job my only job, at least for the next few weeks to make sure President Trump was allowed to fill it, as was his duty according to the United States Constitution," he wrote.

Meadows wrote that he respected the liberal justice for her own convictions and for her famed friendship with the late conservative Justice Antonin Scalia.

"I had developed a deep admiration for her strength and resolve," Meadows wrote. "I also knew that she was the last of a rare breed in Washington: someone who could be kind, even friendly, to people who didn't share her political beliefs."

He praised Ginsburg for her "iron will" in declining to retire despite pressure from former President Barack Obama in 2013.

"Now that I've been in the Oval Office and seen the way that room, not to mention the office of the presidency itself, seems to intimidate people into acquiescence, I know that it must have taken an iron will to refuse such a request," he wrote.

"On that night in September, however, I wasn't thinking about any of that," Meadows wrote.

Meadows also wrote that he and Dan Scavino, Trump's Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications, tried to get the news of Ginsburg's death to Trump before reporters did at the rally. "I knew that this was a sensitive topic and that even a few wrong words could significantly decrease our chances of filling the vacancy left by Justice Ginsburg," he wrote.

Ultimately, though, Trump did learn about the news from reporters, prompting an unusually gracious response from the former president.

"She led an amazing life. What else can you say? Whether you agree or not, she led an amazing life," he said.

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The Best Science and Tech Breakthroughs of 2021 – Nerdist

Scientists and engineers explored new frontiers in every technological category in 2021. Advances in everything from spaceflight to microrobotics to artificial intelligence abounded, offering a glimpse of a world in which humanity is a multiplanet species. As well as one physiologically connected to intelligent machines. Below are the best science and tech breakthroughs of 2021, in our humble opinion, which may change when we get our Neuralink brain implants.

Although SpaceX had several spectacular failures trying to fly and land its prototype Starship rocket, that just made the first successful attempt (below) all the sweeter. According to SpaceX, the company plans to use Starships to send people to the Moon and Mars. The complete Starship system, once it comes online, will be an astounding 394 feet tall.

While seeing rovers roll around on Mars can feel commonplace, mobility breakthroughs on the Red Planet are beginning to happen. Below is video of the first-ever (mini) helicopter flight on Mars, which occurred on April 19. The flight, while short, was exceptional thanks not only to the helicopters long journey to Mars in the Perseverance rover, but also the planets super-thin atmosphere.

In July of this year, Googles DeepMind subsidiary announced it had solved a grand challenge in biology known as the protein folding problem. Using its cutting-edge AI, AlphaFold, DeepMind released the structures of 350,000 proteins. And noted that the tech will eventually be able to help identify and cure diseases.

Engineers the world over have been working on ways to shrink robots. Emblematic of the efforts from this year are microflier robots that can float on the wind. While the microfliers themselves will reportedly record things like changes in climate and the spread of disease, we cant help but experience foreboding Black Mirror vibes.

As their name implies, brain organoids, or cerebral organoids, are very much like tiny human brains; a fact that makes scientists giving them eye balls in August of this year all the wilder. The eyed organoids, while somewhat disturbing, will hopefully help to cure congenital retinal disorders and even personalize drug testing. And help to raise some important issues for bioethics as well, we imagine.

Smart clothes that can sense and record all of your movements, as well as give you posture suggestions, are now here thanks to MIT. While not wholly new, MITs smart clothes are unique because they consist of simple, knitted conductive yarn, and are amenable to mass production. As well as collecting large amounts of data from their users for robot training.

Finally on the list is Neuralinks breakthrough demonstration of a monkey telepathically playing Pong. Or, in this context, MindPong. Neuralink was able to pull off the feat by plunging 1,024 ultra-thin electrodes into a Macaques brain. (Banana smoothies were essential as well.) The company says that, in the near-term, the tech could help paralyzed people surf the net and express themselves artistically. Merging with superintelligent AI is also apparently not off the table for this rapidly moving decade.

Feature image: Neuralink/Cell Stem Cell/NASA

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Funding news: Cyrus lands $18M and buys startup developing COVID-19 therapeutic; Spare Labs snags $18M for mobility software – GeekWire

The news: Seattle-based protein engineering company Cyrus Biotechnology has raised $18 million and acquired Orthogonal Biologics, a spinout from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, which is developing a COVID-19 therapeutic.

Combining forces: Cyrus has built up a software-and-screening platform to re-design natural proteins, leveraging tech spun out of the University of Washingtons Institute for Protein Design. IPDs tools to predict protein folding have been a boon to Cyrus, which was co-founded in 2015 by former IPD postdoc Lucas Nivon. The company recently inked a deal with immune biotech Selecta Biosciences worth up to $1.5. billion and has worked with more than 90 other industry partners, including pharma giant Janssen.

The new acquisition brings on board Orthogonals platform for deep mutational scanning, a method that can assess up to one million mutant versions of a protein in a single experiment. Orthogonal also adds two new protein-based therapeutics to Cyrus pipeline, including a potential COVID-19 drug.

Counteracting COVID-19: Orthogonals COVID-19 agents are built to resemble ACE2, the human protein that the COVID-19 virus uses to enter human cells. The agents are designed to act as decoys, binding to the virus and disarming it.

Why it matters: Drug companies are fast leveraging IPDs recently-released RoseTTAfold and another powerful tool to predict protein folding developed by DeepMind, AlphaFold. Plugging in different tech and drug pipelines, such as those developed by Orthogonal, promises to accelerate the development of new therapeutics. Cyrus recently brought on RoseTTAfold, building on its use of an earlier IPD tool, called Rosetta.

Cyrus has proven the power of its Rosetta-based platform as a software and services company. We are very excited to now apply those software and laboratory tools directly for Cyruss partners and in house drug discovery, said Geeta Vemuri, founder and managing partner at Agent Capital, in a statement.

The field is growing rapidly. Alphabet, for instance, in November launchedIsomorphic Labs to build off of DeepMinds protein folding research.

The backers: Investors in the new deal include OrbiMed Advisors, Trinity Ventures, Agent Capital, Yard Ventures, Washington Research Foundation (WRF), iSelect Fund, W Fund, family offices, and individual investors. Selecta Bioscience is a strategic investor in the Series B round, which brings total funding to date to $28.9 million, including $8 million in venture funding raised in 2017. Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.

Whats next: The cash will be used to move Cyrus labs from a temporary space atAlexandria LaunchLabstoa buildingnear the Seattle waterfront that houses Universal Cells and other biotechs. Cyrus will also partner with contract research organizations for preclinical testing of the the COVID-19 agent and other therapies.

The small Orthogonal team has moved to Seattle, including COOKui K. Chanand CEOErik Procko, a University of Illinois professor of biophysics and quantitative biology, now on leave. Both are former senior fellows in the lab of David Baker, IPD head. Cyrus will continue relationships with key University of Illinois researchers, including professorsJalees RehmanandAsrar B. Malik, who are performing studies in animals. Cyrus is hiring protein biochemists and senior leadership in drug discovery, aiming to grow from 25 to 30 employees in the next six months.

By merging our company with Cyrus we can create a unified biologics discovery platform, said Procko.

More deals:

Koch Investment Group invests $100 million in Vancouver, B.C.-based Standard Lithium.Standard Lithium is testing the commercial viability of extracting lithium, a key component of electric batteries, at a 150,000-acre location in Arkansas. The company has commissioned a demonstration plant to extract the metal. It also has 45,000 acres of mineral leases in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, Calif.

Barn2Door raises $6 million to advance software that connects farmers to customers. Seattle-based Barn2Door serves thousands of farmers across the U.S., helping them sell food directly to consumers with e-commerce software that manages sales, inventory, logistics, and more. The new funding brings total funding to $17.6 million to date, building on a $6 million round in August, 2020. The latest funding was led by Quiet Capital, with participation from existing major investors Bullpen Capital, lead Edge Capital, RAINE Ventures, Sugar Mountain Capital, as well as new investors Serra Ventures and Navigate Ventures.

Vancouver, B.C.-based Spare Labs raises $18M for mobility software. Spare Labs provides software for public transit, ride-sharing and other shared transportation. It will use the funding to enable better cooperation between different transportation providers. The Series A round was led by Inovia Capital with participation from Kensington Capital, Link VC, Ramen VC, Ridge Ventures, TransLink Capital and Japan Airlines (as JAL Innovation Fund) and Nicola Wealth, amongst others.

Editors note: This story has been updated to include Cyrus future plans.

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Intel’s Lesson for Alphabet The Information – The Information

Intels decision to take its Mobileye unit public is a smart way to let investors buy directly into the technology side of the self-drivingcar business. Plenty of people surely have little interest in owning Intel directly, given the troubles its had in chips. And Intels move raises a question: Why isnt Alphabet, owner of pioneering self-drivingcar developer Waymo, doing the same thing?

After all, its hard to imagine Waymo is being accorded the value it could get as a stand-alone company in its present state, tucked inside Alphabets other bets unit, along with health sciences unit Verily, artificial intelligence research division DeepMind and others. Of course, Waymounlike Mobileyeprobably has little in the way of revenue, and is almost certainly years away from making money. It was only last year that Waymo began offering a paid robotaxi service to the general public, and then only in Phoenix. (More recently, Waymo has partnered with Albertsons to test its tech in grocery delivery, as well as with UPS on the freight side.) Sure, the big money may be a way off. But if you think a highly valued business needs revenue, I invite you to take a look at Rivans market capitalization, which at last count was $100 billion.

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UC Berkeley’s Sergey Levine Says Combining Self-Supervised and Offline RL Could Enable Algorithms That Understand the World Through Actions – Synced

The idiom actions speak louder than words first appeared in print almost 300 years ago. A new study echoes this view, arguing that combining self-supervised and offline reinforcement learning (RL) could lead to a new class of algorithms that understand the world through actions and enable scalable representation learning,

Machine learning (ML) systems have achieved outstanding performance in domains ranging from computer vision to speech recognition and natural language processing, yet still struggle to match the flexibility and generality of human reasoning. This has led ML researchers to search for the missing ingredient that might boost these systems ability to understand, reason and generalize.

In the paper Understanding the World Through Action, UC Berkeley assistant professor in the department of electrical engineering and computer sciences Sergey Levine suggests that a general, principled, and powerful framework for utilizing unlabelled data could be derived from RL to enable ML systems leveraging large datasets to better understand the real world.

Several hypotheses have been advanced to address this missing ingredient question in ML systems, such as causal reasoning, inductive bias, and better algorithms for self-supervised or unsupervised learning. Levine says that while the problem is challenging and involves a great deal of guesswork, recent progress in AI can provide some guiding principles: 1) The unreasonable effectiveness of large, generic models supplied with large amounts of training data; 2) How manual labelling and supervision do not scale nearly as well as unsupervised or self-supervised learning.

Levine believes the next bottleneck facing ML researchers involves deciding how to train large models without manual labelling or manual design of self-supervised objectives so as to acquire models that distill a deep and meaningful understanding of the world and are able to perform downstream tasks with robust generalization and even a degree of common sense.

To achieve this goal, autonomous agents will require an understanding of their environments that is causal and generalizable. Such agents would advance beyond the current RL paradigm, where 1) RL algorithms require a task goal (i.e., a reward function) to be specified by experts; and 2) RL algorithms are not inherently data-driven, but rather learn from online experience, an approach that limits both generalization ability and the ability to learn about how the real world works.

Levine envisions algorithms that, rather than aiming at a single user-specified task, seek to accomplish whatever outcomes they infer are possible in the real world. He proposes developing offline RL algorithms that can effectively utilize previously collected datasets to enable a system that can use its training time to learn and perform user-specified tasks while also using its collected experience as offline training data to learn to achieve a wider scope of outcomes.

Levine believes offline RL has the potential to significantly increase the applicability of self-supervised RL methods, and can be utilized in combination with goal-conditioned policies to learn entirely from previously collected data.

Overall, the paper explores how self-supervised RL combined with offline RL could realize scalable representation learning. Self-supervised training can enable models to understand how the world works, and fulfilling self-supervised RL objectives can allow models to gain a causal understanding of the environment. Such techniques must be applicable at scale to real-world datasets, a challenge met by offline RL, which enables the use of large, diverse previously collected datasets.

The paper Understanding the World Through Action is on arXiv.

Author: Hecate He |Editor: Michael Sarazen

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Heres Exactly How Deep Breathing Can Improve Digestion, According to an RD – Well+Good

Breathing and digestion are both involuntary processes in your body. However, youcan exert a little control over your breath. And, what's more, deep purposeful breathing can improve your digestion. It seems like taking deep breaths yields so many benefits that it's hard to keep track: heart health, stress relief, improved sleep are just a few; however, improved digestion is simply another aspect of breathing deeply.

There are two basic types of breathing: chest breathing and diaphragmatic breathing. Chest breathing utilizes the upper muscles of your chest to pull oxygen into your lungs, the Mayo Clinic states. Diaphragmatic breathing is what clinicians consider "deep-breathing" because it utilizes the body's dominant breathing muscle: the diaphragm (a big, dome-like muscle that contracts continually, helping you to breathe). There's nothing wrong with chest breathing, but when it comes to mealtime, a few deep inhales and exhales can encourage slower, more mindful eatingand reduce symptoms associated with GI disorders like indigestion and constipation.

When you are distracted, running, in a hurry, or otherwise stressed, your body moves into fight or flight mode, which means your sympathetic nervous system is active. When this happens, your body releases stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline boosts your energy, elevates your heart rate, and raises your blood pressure. Cortisol controls (what it considers to be) non-essential activities within the body like digestion, theMayo Clinic says. This means blood moves away from vital digestive organs, says Jenna Volpe, RDN, LD, CLT, specializing in digestive health. Instead, blood moves to the arms, legs, and lungs, which is helpful if you need to run from a bear (but not if you're stressed at work and on your lunch break). In fact, Volpe shares that an active sympathetic nervous system often results in indigestion, nausea, heartburn, reduced nutrient absorption, and fatigue.

"Deep breathing is a quick and effective way to switch our nervous system out of the sympathetic fight or flight stress response (survival mode) into the parasympathetic rest and digest relaxation mode," says Volpe. "Our nervous system can only be in one of those states at a time."

While eating naturally nudges your 'parasympathetic nervous system (hence: rest and digest), deep breathing before a meal can help move things along. For instance, deep breaths can stimulate the vagus nerve, which is involved in regulating the nervous system and gut. The parasympathetic nervous system also promotes salivation and restores normal blood flow to the organs that aid digestion.

Even though eating has the ability to slow your fight or flight response, a few deep breaths before eating gives you the chance to be more mindful throughout the meal, according to Cindy Tsai, MD. This is nothing to be ashamed of, but deep-breathing is a great strategy for someone who wants to eat slower, chew more thoroughly, or just get more enjoyment out of their meal.

Not only is deep-breathing good for switching off the body's fight or flight response, but it also allows you to be more mindful while you eat. "When we do this before we eat, we are more likely to chew more slowly and have more mindful awareness while eating," says Coral Dabarera Edelson, MS, RD. Chewing slowly can make a huge difference for people with digestive issues, and it is one of the first things to work on when dealing with stomach tightness, gassiness, and acid reflux, Edleson says. As you slow down your mind and body before you eat, you can become more aware of things like chewing, swallowing, and the speed at which you eat.

No one wants breathing to become a mealtime stressor, and both experts suggest you give yourself grace as you try to develop a ritual. Practice makes perfect, but you don't have to meditate for an entire hour before a meal to experience the benefits.

Keeping things simple at first is the best way to reap the rewards of deep breathing before you eat, according to Dr. Tsai. She recommends that you sit quietly and feel your feet on the ground. "Take a slow inhale through the nose and count to four, as you feel your abdomen expand," she says, adding that you can put your belly on your hands to feel it fill up when you inhale.

"Hold your breath for 2 seconds if you can," Dr. Tsai explains. "Exhale slowly through your mouth (count to six) as your abdomen deflates. Repeat three to five times."

Remember that this shouldn't replace any clinical treatment or medications but can instead help your digestion as an added practice. Volpe also adds that you should avoid deep breathingwhileyou eat because it can cause bloating or choking. Before and after eating are ideal.

These bodily processes happen on their own if you're not paying attention, so there's no reason to feel bad if you haven't been deep-breathing before a meal. This is an opportunity to improve your digestion and calm your system before you eat.

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Suspicion of the pharma industry runs deep – SWI swissinfo.ch – swissinfo.ch

Pandemic fears and frustrations are mounting. What if vaccine deals had been out in the open?

Jessica covers the good, the bad, and the ugly when it comes to big global companies and their impact in Switzerland and abroad. Shes always looking for a Swiss connection with her native San Francisco and will happily discuss why her hometown has produced some of the greatest innovations but cant seem to solve its housing crisis.

More from this author| English Department

At this time last year, all eyes were on the biopharma companies. Their vaccines were going to save us from more devastation, the endless uncertainty, and the deepening economic crisis. But here we are again, wrote the New York Times last week: Chaos rules global response to the omicron variantExternal link.

Some people are pointing the finger at rich countries for hoarding vaccines, some fault pharma companies for not sharing the formulas to manufacture them, and others blame people pushing back against vaccines and government restrictions.

Perhaps more troubling to many people is the secrecy. Its the behind-the-scenes deals with vaccine makers, explaining science as if it is a public relations exercise, and communicating clinical trial results with an eye on the share price. This virus is no doubt confusing, but it doesnt help that there is deep suspicion that pharma companies are jockeying for a position in the market or trying to win investors or reputational goodwill. HistoryExternal link explains some of this suspicion, and SWI swissinfo.ch readers offered their own thoughts in ourdebate.

With all the confusion, misunderstandings and mistrust everywhere, one cant help but wonder what would happen if there was more transparency. What if governments showed their cards and biopharma companies shared how many vaccines they sold, at what price, and their conditions? Would this have built trust? Would it have helped distribute vaccines more widely, leaving us less vulnerable to variants?

The idea is gaining some backers. Last week the Swiss House of Representatives voted in favour of making the vaccine deals with pharma companies publicExternal link. While the proposal still needs to be discussed in the Senate, the Swiss pharma industry association reacted immediately, arguing it would threaten Switzerlands reputation as a trustworthy partner. One politician voting against the majority called the idea plain stupidExternal link. Stay tuned.

What is your view? Do you think there should be more transparency? In what areas?

New responsible business law falls short of what campaigners had in mind. On Friday, the government announced the long-awaited decision on the counter proposal to the Responsible Business Initiative. The new law will come into forceExternal link in 2022 and requires large companies to report on environmental and social issues. As of 2023, some companies will also be expected to examine their supply chains for child labour and conflict minerals.

However, NGOs say there are so many exceptions and conditions in the law that it will be easy for companies to escape even these minimum requirements. For example, many raw material or commodity companies would be exempt because they have fewer than 500 companies despite huge risks from their activities. The law also doesnt require companies to assess supply chains beyond the first tier or where the finished product is assembled. Campaigners are now wondering if this is what Swiss voters had in mind when they cast their vote on the subject in November 2020.

Moreover, NGOs that were hoping changes at the EU level would compensate for any weaknesses in Swiss law are disappointed. Things seemed to be stalled indefinitely at the EU level.

Glencore plans to phase out coal mines but investors are divided about how quickly. Thats according to a story in the FT this week on the occasion of Glencores investor day. The new CEO, Gary Nagle, said that the company will close its coal minesExternal link within the next 30 years. At least one activist fund said thats too long. Bluebell Capital argues that Glencore's adherence to coal mining is "morally unacceptableExternal link and financially flawed" writes the NZZ. Some investors such as Norways sovereign wealth fund cant invest in the company because of the coal assets. Nagle and other investors though appear to defend the view that spinning off fossil fuel assets isnt the right move.

Swiss commodity traders own a lot of agriculture land around the world. According to research by NGO Public Eye, commodity traders like Olam, Raizan and COFCO, that have a major presence in Switzerland, own agriculture land equivalent to six times the arable land available in Switzerland. As commodity traders are the go-between in the supply chain, its been easier for them to evade responsibility for environmental and human rights issues in other countries. How these companies secured so much land, and the mere fact that they own so much of it, is cause for more stringent standards on the sector, argues Public Eye.

Feedback or story tips? Send me a message: jessica.davis@swissinfo.chExternal link.

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Greg Tate was the GOAT of Black cultural writing we could all learn from his genius – TheGrio

AUSTIN, TX MARCH 12: Greg Tate attends I Am Richard Pryor Premiere during the 2019 SXSW Conference and Festivals at Stateside Theater on March 12, 2019 in Austin, Texas. (Photo by Nicola Gell/Getty Images for SXSW)

Greg Tate was a giant. He was a stone cold genius who he tossed off brilliant thoughts as small talk and at the same time he was a teddy bear. He was humble, sweet, approachable, avuncular.

Tate was the embodiment of cool; I mean, like, he was always chill. Nothing raised his blood pressure. He had a large body and a mind that contained multitudes. He talked like a jazzman would play, he wrote like a funk god would rock, he thought in a way that was soulful and deep and intellectual. He could write about music, film, literature, visual art, comedy, politics, and everything under the sun.

Tate could find a way to analogize Rakim and James Joyce or George Clinton and Romare Bearden or Zora Neale Hurston and Cardi B.

He once wrote, Pronouncing the death of Miles Davis seems more sillyass than sad. Something on the order of saying youve clocked the demise of the blues, the theory of relativity, Ulysses, or any other definitive creation of this century. That, I think, we can now say about Tate. Saying hes dead at the young age of 64 seems crazy because hes one of the definitive creations of the century a critic whose work makes him as much of an artist as the artists.

I love, also, how his list of the centurys definitive creations casually puts Ulysses, one of the great novels, on par with the theory of relativity, one of the great scientific concepts, and on par with the blues, one of the greatest forms of music ever created. But that list says without screaming it a downhome Black invention is just as deep, just as brilliant, and just as important as some of the canonical stuff that White academic eggheads go gaga about.

In that same goodbye to Miles essay Tate also wrote, A friend of mine once said that you could not love being Black and not love Miles Davis because Miles was the quintessential African American. African American, not as in two halves thrown together, but a recombinant entity born of sperm and egg to produce a third creature more expansive that either. That was also Tate. A quintessential African American in that he was thinking diasporically and domestically and living in a headspace that combined that two to create a higher plane.

Imagine Wakanda located just outside of Harlem. I mean, the man was extremely Black in the corners of his mind he had destroyed the last scintilla of a colonized mind a long, long time ago. He was beautiful. In 1986 he wrote, My mission is clear. The future of Black culture depends that this generation brings forth a worldly-wise and stoopidfresh intelligentsia of radical bups who can get as ignant as James Brown with their Wangs [computers] and stay in the Black. Give me such an army and well be talking total cultural Black rule by the time the eco-system collapses, SDI bottoms out Fort Knox, the Aryan Brotherhood is officially in the White House, and Wall Street is on the moon.

A sentence like that makes him seem like Negrodamus, I mean Trump already been in the White House and the climate is about to collapse any minute now. But I digress. The man wrote with a sense of mission to inspire sisters and brothers to take the Blackness that a James Brown, a Nina Simone, a Marvin Gaye brings to their art and put that on the page. Thats what Gregory Ironman Tate did and he wanted us all to do that, too.

Tate loved Black culture deeply and never thought that it wasnt the best thing in the world. He knew how to talk about the artists he loved with a style that elevated his pieces to art his work was routinely more artful than the work he was writing about. His love of Black culture was deep and it was wide, too he revered jazz, both classic Miles and electric Miles, he loved rock (he founded the Black Rock Coalition), he lived for the funk (P-Funk was one of his cultural North Stars), and he was an early adopter of hip-hop, too.

He was a Boomer and many in his generation were freaked out when young Gen Xers got on the mic and said F**k singing, Im here to rhyme. Tate was among the first at The Village Voice to pronounce that he loved rap and understood it deeply and put it on par with everything else Black culture had ever birthed. In 88, when I was still unable to convince my parents that rap was not a fad, Tate wrote:

If Rakim (pae Miles Davis) is a rap ninja walking on eggshells, then Chuck D is the musics answer to the sheets of sound oratory [Amiri] Baraka bequeathed to the Black poetry movement for love of Coltrane And Flavor-Flav is a surefire professor of ignance whose mismatch with the mainman derails the tradition of cult-nat loudmouths who dont know how to laugh at themselves. In just two sentences hes referenced hiphop, jazz, poetry, and activism, and given respect to all including Flav, or at least the place that Flav plays on Chuck Ds stage set. Which is not to say Tate just loved everything. He sliced open Michael Jackson in 87 when he realized how much plastic surgery the man had had. Theres a fine line between a Black entertainer who appeals to white people and one who sells out the race in pursuit of white appeal. Berry Gordy, Burgermeister of crossovers Bauhaus, walked that line with such finesse that some Black folks were shocked to discover via The Big Chill that many whites considered Motown their music. Needless to say, Michael Jackson has crossed so way far over the line that there aint no coming backassuming through surgical transmutation of his face a singular infamy in the annals of tomming.

In the New York I grew up in, the New York of the 90s, there was a large crew of Black culture writers who were defining hip-hop in The Village Voice, Rolling Stone, Spin, and other publications. We were a quietly competitive bunch I know we all wrote with a chip on our shoulder trying to show each other who was the best of the bunch just as the MCs we wrote about were trying to prove that they were the best. But just like jazz or golf or the NBA, we all knew who was the best. Tate was the best. No one questioned it. No one was anywhere close to his spot.

Tate was the smartest, the funkiest, the illest. His sentences were beautiful, his observations were dead on, he was the GOAT. Everyone knew this. The first issue of Vibe opens with an introductory essay from Tate and that was perfect because of course the benediction for the new Black magazine had to be done by Tate the high priest of the Black writer community.

I dont remember the moment I met him, it feels like I always knew him, and when I was a baby I mean when I was in my early 20s I would call him on a Friday or Saturday night with nothing to say but after a few seconds I was listening to him talk for two or three hours and we never used the word mentorship but thats what it was. I didnt really ask him questions, I just listened to him spit his inner monologue, just listened to his ideas about culture and writing and dealing with editors and being Black and moving through life and I just tried to soak in his genius, like, OK this is how a genius thinks how do you bring a bit of that into your work?

Years later, I had a house party that he came to and he saw my copy of his collection Flyboy In the Buttermilk and he laughed its dog-eared and highlighted in different colors and the margins are all scribbled in because I have re-read that book hundreds of times at different points in my life looking, again, to understand how a genius approaches things. I read that book the way pro-basketball players watch Michael Jordan or the way Questlove watches old Prince. Flyboy In the Buttermilk is one of the formative texts that birthed me as a writer.

He was a friend, a mentor, a big brother, a man who was critical to the formation of how I thought about writing and about Black culture and I cant believe Ill never again talk to him.

Tour is the host of the podcast Toure Show and the podcast docuseries Who Was Prince? He is also the author of seven books.

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Greg Tate was the GOAT of Black cultural writing we could all learn from his genius - TheGrio

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ColdQuanta and Strangeworks Announce Addition of Hilbert Quantum Computer to Strangeworks Ecosystem – The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel

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