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Virtus Artificial Intelligence & Technology Opportunities Fund (AIO) To Go Ex-Dividend on August 12th – Defense World

Virtus Artificial Intelligence & Technology Opportunities Fund (NYSE:AIO Get Free Report) declared a monthly dividend on Tuesday, June 11th, Wall Street Journal reports. Shareholders of record on Monday, August 12th will be given a dividend of 0.15 per share on Thursday, August 29th. This represents a $1.80 annualized dividend and a yield of 8.67%. The ex-dividend date is Monday, August 12th.

Virtus Artificial Intelligence & Technology Opportunities Fund has decreased its dividend payment by an average of 9.8% annually over the last three years.

Virtus Artificial Intelligence & Technology Opportunities Fund stock opened at $20.76 on Thursday. The companys 50-day moving average price is $19.76 and its two-hundred day moving average price is $18.98. Virtus Artificial Intelligence & Technology Opportunities Fund has a 52 week low of $15.09 and a 52 week high of $20.92.

The Fund seeks to generate a stable income stream and growth of capital by focusing on one of the most significant long-term secular growth opportunities in markets today. A multi-asset approach based on fundamental research is employed, dynamically allocating to attractive segments of a companys debt and equity in order to offer an attractive risk/reward profile.

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TS Imagine adds 7 Chords artificial intelligence pricing to fixed income EMS – The TRADE News

TS Imagine has made 7 Chords BondDroid AI available within its TradeSmart fixed income execution management system (EMS).

BondDroid AI applies real-time continuous learning technology to provide pricing and analytics for thinly traded financial instruments.

The offering claims to not need to be taken offline, allowing it to deliver accuracy and relevance to its users, while also avoiding periodic retraining.

BondDroid AI has been optimised for live trading environments and is the only real-time pricing solution customisable to extract actionable real-time pricing signals and insights from clients proprietary, public, or commercially available data, said Kristina Fan, chief executive and co-founder of 7 Chord.

As a conduit for real-time data, TradeSmart is the perfect host for BondDroid AI.

The integration will enable TradeSmart users to access BondDroid AIs streaming prices and analytics before and after US market hours each trading day.

This continuous stream of information can lead to improved risk management and profit-maximising decisions, namely in response to overnight developments.

As the movement towards more electronic trading in fixed income markets coincides with the generative AI boom, bond traders now stand to benefit from AI insights derived from real-time data, said Spencer Lee, chief markets officer and head of fixed income at TS Imagine.

This further cements our view that the EMS is an ideal incubator for AI and that the time is ripe for broad adoption.

Over the past year, TS Imagine has made several key developments to its TradeSmart platform.

Last month, TS Imagine integrated municipal bond markets player, TDS Automated Trading (TDSAT), into TradeSmart.

In February, TS Imagine boosted its fixed income offering through connection to ICE Bonds, providing clients with access to fixed income execution protocols and liquidity.

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AI Regulation: Global Picture Balances Innovation and Insight – PYMNTS.com

The global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape is undergoing significant shifts as regulators grapple with the technologys rapid advancements.

While the U.S. and Europe are considering tightening AI regulations, Argentina President Javier Milei is positioning his country as a potential haven for tech investments. Meanwhile, the U.S. legal system is treading cautiously, with federal appeals courts hesitating to adopt AI-related rules.

Various industry leaders are also urging the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to strike a balance in its approach to AI regulation in the pharmaceutical and medical device sectors.

After six months in office, President Milei is capitalizing on global regulatory shifts to position Argentina as the worlds fourth AI hub. Mileis economic adviser, Demian Reidel, has highlighted Argentinas potential as a strategic destination for tech investments, given the increasing regulatory pressures in the U.S. and Europe, according to a report by the Financial Times.

Reidel, who orchestrated Mileis recent meetings with tech giants like OpenAI, Google, Apple and Meta, said restrictive regulations in other regions are making Argentina an attractive alternative.

Extremely restrictive rules have killed AI in Europe, Reidel said. He added that discussions in the U.S., particularly in California, indicated that American lawmakers might follow a similar path, further driving companies to seek more favorable environments.

In May, Milei and Reidel held private meetings in California with key industry figures, including OpenAIs Sam Altman and Apples Tim Cook. They also hosted a summit with AI investors and thinkers, such as venture capitalist Marc Andreessen and sociologist Larry Diamond. Additionally, Milei has met with Tesla CEO Elon Musk twice.

In a move that could have set a digital precedent, the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans decided to keep its courtrooms strictly human for now. The court opted not to adopt what would have been the nations first rule regulating the use of generative AI by lawyers, Reuters reported Tuesday (June 11).

The proposed rule, introduced last November, sought to mandate that attorneys who used AI-generated filings courtesy of tools like OpenAIs ChatGPT would certify that the documents had been thoroughly reviewed for accuracy. Missteps in compliance could have led to sanctions or the striking of the errant documents from court records.

The courts decision came after an influx of public commentary, mostly from skeptical lawyers. The legal community voiced concerns over AIs reliability, citing incidents where AI hallucinations resulted in fictitious case citations.

Had the 5th Circuit moved forward, it would have been the only court among the 13 federal appeals courts with such a rule. Other federal appeals courts are also toying with the idea of AI regulations, echoing the 5th Circuits concerns.

Across the pond, a recent survey by Thomson Reuters showed that U.K. lawyers are divided on AI regulation: 44% of in-house lawyers want government oversight, while 50% prefer self-regulation. Law firms echo this split, with 36% favoring regulation and 48% opting for a laissez-faire approach, leaving regulators in a bind.

Industry leaders at the RAPS Regulatory Intelligence Conference emphasized the need for a balanced approach in the FDAs future AI regulations, advocating for flexibility and collaboration over rigid rules, Regulatory News reported Monday (June 10).

Moderated by Chris Whalley, Pfizers director of regulatory intelligence, the panel featured attorney Bradley Thompson of law firm Epstein, Becker & Green; Vice President of Pharma Sam Kay of AI-powered health data firm Basil Systems; Director of Global Regulatory Strategy Gopal Abbineni of pharmaceutical firm Bayer; and Head of U.S. Global Regulatory and Scientific Policy at Merck Group Elizabeth Rosenkrands Lange of science and tech firm EMD Serono/Merck. They collectively warned that overly prescriptive regulations could hinder innovation.

The panel stressed the importance of clearly defining AI goals within the pharmaceutical and medical device industries. Bayers use of AI was highlighted as an example of integrating AI into medical devices and regulatory intelligence. Mercks AI tools and pilot projects were also noted, with an emphasis on the need for vendor partnerships due to current technology limitations.

The potential of AI to analyze vast amounts of data pointed to the untapped data that could streamline regulatory processes, Thompson noted.

Opinions on AIs readiness varied among the panelists.

Some expressed skepticism about AIs current capabilities and advised against large investments without clear objectives, noting that companies often fail within months due to poor planning. However, others were more optimistic, highlighting AIs ability to accelerate product development while cautioning that it is just the first step and requires further refinement.

The panel concluded with a consensus that precise goals and strategic investments are crucial for leveraging AIs full potential in the pharmaceutical and medical device sectors while effectively navigating the regulatory landscape.

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Apple Intelligence Revealed at WWDC 2024 as Company Jumps Into AI Race – The New York Times

Nearly two years after OpenAI ignited a race to add generative artificial intelligence into products, Apple jumped into the competition on Monday, as it revealed plans to bring the technology to more than a billion iPhone users around the world.

During a two-hour presentation from its futuristic Silicon Valley campus, Apple said that it would be using generative A.I. to power what it is calling Apple Intelligence. The system will prioritize messages and notifications and will offer writing tools that are capable of proofreading and suggesting what users have written in emails, notes or text. It also will result in a major upgrade for Siri, Apples virtual assistant.

Apples plans to offer A.I. in its iPhones represents the next step in bringing artificial intelligence into the consumer mainstream. Apple, the marquee name of Silicon Valley, could do more than any other company to add credibility to a technology that has more than a few critics, who worry that it is mistake-prone and could add to the flood of misinformation already on the internet.

Apples new A.I. features could also help calm concerns that the iPhone maker had slipped behind its biggest rivals in the tech industrys embrace of artificial intelligence. The value of other tech companies, like Microsoft and Nvidia, has ballooned because of their aggressive A.I. plans. Earlier this year, Microsoft dethroned Apple as the most valuable technology company in the world.

While introducing its new A.I., Apple emphasized how it planned to integrate the technology into its products with privacy in mind. The company said that the technology, which can answer questions, create images and write software code, would perform sensitive tasks. It showed how the system would be able to automatically determine if a rescheduled meeting time would complicate plans to attend a childs theater performance.

It said that the computer processing would be done on an iPhone rather than in data centers, where personal information has a greater risk of being compromised. For complex requests that require more computing power, it has created a cloud network with Apple semiconductors that, it said, is more private because its not stored or accessible, even by Apple.

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Apple’s AI Push Puts Privacy, Security in the Spotlight – PYMNTS.com

As Apple enters the race to bring advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities to consumer devices and services, the tech giant is betting that a strong emphasis on privacy and security will set its offerings apart in an increasingly competitive market.

At its annual Worldwide Developers Conference this week, Apple unveiled Apple Intelligence,a broad AI ecosystem that spans its devices and introduces a secure Private Cloud Computeservice for handling complex AI tasks. The move comes as businesses increasingly rely on AI for sensitive data processing and analytics, making robust security measures more critical than ever.

Apples new Private Cloud Compute service represents the right step forward in the realm of data privacy and security and shows the direction in which all companies should be moving,Yannik Schrade, CEO and co-founder of computing startup Arcium, told PYMNTS.

By leveraging hardware-based security measures such as Secure Boot and Secure Enclave Processors, Apple aims to provide a more secure environment for AI computations. This can increase business trust, encouraging the adoption of AI-driven analytics and data processing solutions within a more secure framework.

However, Schrade cautioned that while Apples approach is a positive development, its only a first step. Trusted hardware-based confidential computing has been around for quite some time and is a field that, due to the complexity of ensuring actual hardware-based security, has in itself seen a lot of exploits, vulnerabilities, and data breaches,he noted. Those systems still require trust in third parties, which, in the ideal case, would not be required from users.

Some cybersecurity experts also warn that the effectiveness of Apples privacy and security measures will depend on proper implementation and user education.

In the past, Macs have relied on 0365 to store sensitive data, but there was a lack of awareness around them, and users could easily make these buckets public, leaking information,Jason Lamar, senior vice president of product at the cybersecurity firm Cobalt.io, told PYMNTS.

Similarly, Apples new Private Cloud Computemay have the same emphasis on privacy and security. Still, there will need to be a lot of training around it both internally and for Apple users to ensure the information cant be accessed by bad actors.

Lamar also noted that Apples use of custom silicon in its Private Cloud Compute servers, while potentially enhancing efficiency and control, may present challenges for security verification.

It gives Apple tight control over the end-to-end processing and customer experience,he said. It may make it harder for security leaders to verify and trust that security is being performed at all layers depending upon what kind of transparency Apple will provide for the many layers involved.

Apple has long led Big Tech in its stance on user privacy, so other companies will have a harder time following up on the momentum from these product announcements, Gal Ringel, co-founder and CEO at data privacy platform Mine, told PYMNTS.

Apple going all-in on AI, despite the past year of privacy turbulence in the sphere, is indicative of how much the technology will be used to fuel innovation in the coming years, he added.

Ringel sees Apples move as potentially encouraging for companies that have been hesitant to fully embrace AI amidst recent privacy concerns. Apple is paving the way for companies to balance data privacy and innovation, and the positive reception of this news, as opposed to other AI product releases, demonstrates that building up the value of privacy is a strategy that pays off in todays world,he said.

However, Lamar warned that data leaks could undermine trust in AI technologies. Should data leaks begin to show, they could have the opposite effect and cause distrust among organizations and AI,he said.

Another key aspect of Apples AI strategy is its partnership with OpenAI to integrate the ChatGPT chatbot into its Siri digital assistant. While the move has generated excitement, it has also raised concerns about the security implications of the widely used AI tool.

OpenAIs ChatGPT is used by bad actors and everyday employees on all levels,Lamar cautioned. Even the most inexperienced cyberattackers can use OpenAI to mimic human language, make more advanced phishing emails, create fake sites, and organize disinformation campaigns.

The ubiquity of ChatGPT across various platforms and companies has also raised questions about its overall safety and security. The technology can cause uneasiness, and this year, the number of security vulnerabilities increased by 21%, putting organizations at greater risk than ever before,Lamar noted.

To mitigate the security risks posed by ChatGPT and other AI technologies, experts emphasize the importance of robust cybersecurity training for employees and proactive measures by IT departments. Its also more important than ever for IT departments to ensure that their security postures are up to date and they are taking proactive and not reactive actions, Lamar said.

As Apple and other tech giants vie for dominance in the rapidly evolving AI market, the companys focus on privacy and security could set a new standard for the industry. However, the ultimate success of its approach will depend on effective implementation, transparency, and user education to ensure that the benefits of AI can be harnessed while mitigating the risks posed by increasingly sophisticated threats and the widespread adoption of powerful AI tools like ChatGPT.

Mobile devices, especially phones, are continuing to grow in capability, even surpassing traditional computers, as evidenced by this Apple announcement,Krishna Vishnubhotla, vice president of product strategy at mobile security firm Zimperium, told PYMNTS.

As businesses evaluate the security aspects of AI more closely, Ringel suggested that Apples commitment to data protection could potentially slow down broad AI adoption. It will become a competitive aspect of whose AI an organization will use, and potentially slow down broad AI adoption as more time and testing will be performed by customers in evaluating security aspects of AI,he said.

Looking ahead, Schrade says, The future lies in hybrid solutions that incorporate hardware- and software-based confidential computing to offer both high efficiency and trustlessness at the same time. Its exciting to see Apple recognize the importance of user privacy and data security, values we have been pushing for years.

Apples approach to privacy and security in its AI offerings could shape the industrys future. However, the company must balance delivering cutting-edge AI capabilities and ensuring robust data protection to maintain user trust and drive widespread adoption in an increasingly complex and competitive landscape.

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Apple Intelligence: Tech giant unveils new AI iPhone, iPad and iMac features amid OpenAI deal – Euronews

Apple has jumped into the AI race and will bring the technology to its latest devices, including ChatGPT into its Siri assistant.

Apple presented new features on Monday in a bid to join the artificial intelligence (AI) race that will see it bring "Apple Intelligence" to iPad, iPhone and Macs.

"Were thrilled to introduce a new chapter in Apple innovation. Apple Intelligence will transform what users can do with our products - and what our products can do for our users," Apple CEO Tim Cook said in a statement.

He said the AI can be accessed in "a completely private and secure way".

The announcement came at the company's World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC) as Apple works to catch up to companies such as Microsoft and Google that have become early AI leaders.

Apple is leaning on OpenAI's ChatGPT to make its virtual assistant Siri smarter and more helpful.

Siri's optional gateway to ChatGPT will be free to all iPhone users and made available on other Apple products once the option is baked into the next generation of Apple's operating systems.

ChatGPT subscribers are supposed to be able to easily sync their existing accounts when using the iPhone, and should get more advanced features than free users would.

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman sat in the front row of the packed conference, which was attended by developers from more than 60 countries.

"Together with Apple, were making it easier for people to benefit from what AI can offer," Altman said in a statement.

Beyond allowing Siri to tap into ChatGPT's storehouse of knowledge, Apple is giving its 13-year-old virtual assistant an extensive makeover designed to make it more personable and versatile, even as it currently fields about 1.5 billion queries a day.

It will be able to handle more tasks according to Monday's presentation.

The new features will only work on recent models of Apple products as the devices need advanced processors.

Apple also announced that it will be roll out a technology called Rich Communications Service, or RCS, to its iMessage app.

It should improve the security of texting between iPhones and Android devices but will not change the blue bubbles showing text messages from other iPhones and green bubbles from Android devices.

In another upcoming twist to the iPhone's messaging app, users will be able to write a text (or have an AI tool compose it) in advance and schedule a specific time to automatically send it.

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What "naked" singularities are revealing about quantum space-time – New Scientist

Adobe Stock/Erika Eros/Alamy/Collage: Ryan Wills

Deep inside a black hole, the cosmos gets twisted beyond comprehension. Here, at some infinitesimal point of infinite density, the fabric of the universe gets so ludicrously warped that Albert Einsteins general theory of relativity, which describes how mass bends space-time, ceases to make sense. At the singularity, our understanding falls apart.

As daunting as singularities are, each one is at least safely tucked away inside the event horizon of a black hole, the boundary beyond which we cant see. This not only cloaks them from view, but also stops unknown effects they herald, namely the horrors of unpredictability, from leaching out into the wider universe. But what if singularities could exist outside black holes after all?

That question, given fresh impetus in recent years by demonstrations that general relativity allows for this, has spurred theorists to probe singularities from a deeper perspective, folding in insights from the latest forays into the possible quantum foundations of gravity. Already, they are realising that this new approach flips the script on how we think about singularities, says Netta Engelhardt at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Fair warning: the work takes us into some labyrinthine physics. But by grappling with singularities in this way, Engelhardt and her colleagues are deciphering the enigmatic connections between the quantum realm and classical gravity and reinforcing the revolutionary idea that

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Quantum Magic: How Super Photons Are Shaping the Future of Physics – SciTechDaily

Artists view of a photonic Bose-Einstein condensate (yellow) in a bath of dye molecules (red) that has been perturbated by an external light source (white flash). Credit: A. Erglis/Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg

Researchers at the University of Bonn have demonstrated that super photons, or photon Bose-Einstein condensates, conform to fundamental physics theorems, enabling insights into properties that are often difficult to observe.

Under suitable conditions, thousands of particles of light can merge into a type of super photon. Physicists call such a state a photon Bose-Einstein condensate. Researchers at the University of Bonn have now shown that this exotic quantum state obeys a fundamental theorem of physics. This finding now allows one to measure properties of photon Bose-Einstein condensates which are usually difficult to access. The study was published on June 3 in the journal Nature Communications.

If many atoms are cooled to a very low temperature confined in a small volume, they can become indistinguishable and behave like a single super particle. Physicists also call this a Bose-Einstein condensate or quantum gas. Photons condense based on a similar principle and can be cooled using dye molecules. These molecules act like small refrigerators and swallow the hot light particles before spitting them out again at the right temperature.

In our experiments we filled a tiny container with a dye solution, explains Dr. Julian Schmitt from the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bonn. The walls of the container were highly reflective. The researchers then excited the dye molecules with a laser. This produced photons that bounced back and forth between the reflective surfaces. As the particles of light repeatedly collided with dye molecules, they cooled down and finally condensed into a quantum gas.

This process still continues afterward, however, and the particles of the super photon repeatedly collide with the dye molecules, being swallowed up before being spat out again. Therefore, the quantum gas sometimes contains more and sometimes less photons, making it flicker like a candle. We used this flickering to investigate whether an important theorem of physics is valid in a quantum gas system, says Schmitt.

This so-called regression theorem can be illustrated by a simple analogy: Let us assume that the super photon is a campfire that sometimes randomly flares up very strongly. After the fire blazes particularly brightly, the flames slowly die down and the fire returns to its original state. Interestingly, one can also cause the fire to flare up intentionally by blowing air into the embers. In simple terms, the regression theorem predicts that the fire will then continue to burn down in the same way as if the flare up had occurred at random. This means that it responds to the perturbation in exactly the same way as it fluctuates on its own without any perturbation.

Blowing Air Into a Photon Fire

We wanted to find out whether this behavior also applies to quantum gases, explains Schmitt, who is also a member of the transdisciplinary research area (TRA) Building Blocks of Matter and the Matter and Light for Quantum Computing Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bonn. For this purpose, the researchers first measured the flickering of the super photons to quantify the statistical fluctuations. They then figuratively speaking blew air into the fire by briefly firing another laser at the super photon. This perturbation caused it to briefly flare up before it slowly returned to its initial state.

We were able to observe that the response to this gentle perturbation follows precisely the same dynamics as the random fluctuations without a perturbation, says the physicist. In this way we were able to demonstrate for the first time that this theorem also applies to exotic forms of matter as quantum gases. Interestingly, this is also the case for strong perturbations. Systems usually respond differently to stronger perturbations than they do to weaker ones an extreme example is a layer of ice that will suddenly break when the load placed on it becomes too heavy. This is called nonlinear behavior, says Schmitt. However, the theorem remains valid in these cases, as we have now been able to demonstrate together with our colleagues from the University of Antwerp.

The findings are of huge relevance for fundamental research with photonic quantum gases because one often does not know precisely how they will flicker in their brightness. It is much easier to determine how the super photon responds to a controlled perturbation. This allows us to learn about unknown properties under very controlled conditions, explains Schmitt. It will enable us, for example, to find out how novel photonic materials consisting of many super photons behave at their core.

Reference: Observation of nonlinear response and Onsager regression in a photon Bose-Einstein condensate by Alexander Sazhin, Vladimir N. Gladilin, Andris Erglis, Gran Hellmann, Frank Vewinger, Martin Weitz, Michiel Wouters and Julian Schmitt, 3 June 2024, Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49064-9

The Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bonn, the University of Antwerp (Belgium) and the University of Freiburg participated in the study. The project was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG), the European Union (ERC Starting Grant), the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and the Belgium funding agency FWO Flanders.

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CERN welcomes International Year of Quantum Science and Technology – CERN

On the centenary of quantum mechanics -- the bedrock of particle physics and enabler of numerous technologies CERN is contributing to the development of a new generation of quantum technologies for fundamental research and beyond.

100 years ago, a handful of visionary physicists upturned notions about nature that had guided scientists for centuries. Particles can be point- or wave-like, depending on how you look at them. Their behaviour is probabilistic and can momentarily appear to violate cherished laws such as the conservation of energy. Particles can be entangled such that one feels the change of state of the other instantaneously no matter the distance between them, and, as befalls Schrdinger's famous cat, they can be in opposite states at the same time.

Today, thanks to pioneering theoretical and experimental efforts to understand this complex realm, physicists can confidently navigate through such apparently irrational concepts. Quantum theory has not only become foundational to physics, chemistry, engineering and biology, but underpins the transistors, lasers and LEDs that drive modern electronics and telecommunications -- not to mention solar cells, medical scanners and global positioning systems. But this is only the beginning.

On 7 June the United Nations declared 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology to celebrate the contributions of quantum science to technological progress, raise awareness of its importance to sustainable development, and ensure that all nations have access to quantum education and opportunities. As the worlds largest particle physics lab, CERN has been interrogating the quantum theories that govern the microscopic world for the past 70 years. Most recently, it has entered the rapidly growing domain of quantum technologies, which aims to harness the strangest aspects of quantum mechanics to build a new generation of quantum devices for fundamental research and beyond.

In recent years, we have learned not just to use the properties of the quantum world but, also, to control them, explains Sofia Vallecorsa, coordinator of the CERN Quantum Technology Initiative (QTI). Today, the revolution is all about controlling individual quantum systems, such as single atoms or ions, enabling even more powerful applications.

At CERN, quantum technologies are studied and developed through two initiatives: the QTI, whose aim is to enable technologies such as quantum computing, quantum state sensors, time synchronisation protocols, and many more for high-energy physics activities; and the recently established Open Quantum Institute (OQI), whose aim is to identify, support and accelerate the development of future societal applications benefiting from quantum computing algorithms.

One of the most promising fields is quantum computing. Unlike conventional computers that use bits that can be in one of just two states, quantum computers using qubits which can exist in superpositions of states. This enables a vast number of computations to be processed simultaneously, offering important applications in fields such as cryptography, logistics and process optimisation, and drug discovery. Quantum communication, which exploits the principles of quantum mechanics to make it impossible to intercept information without detection, is another significant area of development. A third pillar of CERNs quantum-technologies programme is sensing to allow ultra-precise measurements of physical quantities, with potential applications in fields including medicine, navigation and climate science.

What started 100 years ago as a purely theoretical physics investigation is now beginning to unleash its full potential, says OQI coordinator Tim Smith of CERN. The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology will be a wonderful opportunity to celebrate the past, the present and the future of our understanding of the quantum world.

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New Method Enhances the Accuracy of Quantum Calculations – AZoQuantum

In an article recently published in the journal Communications Physics, researchers investigated the feasibility of calculating high-accuracy, finite-size effect-free hyperfine tensors using an improved integration method for the case of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond.

Point defects are widely utilized to manipulate the electronic and optical characteristics of semiconductors. Recently, the introduction of paramagnetic defects has begun to alter the magnetic properties of these materials, revealing a range of mesoscopic and microscopic magnetic phenomena.

By reducing the concentration of defects, controllable few-spin systems can be established, facilitating the creation of quantum nodes and qubits based on point defects. In wide-bandgap semiconductors, these point defect qubits exhibit robustness and high coherence, even at elevated temperatures.

The optically addressable spin qubits, exemplified by the silicon vacancy in silicon carbide and the NV center in diamond, maintain prolonged coherence times at room temperature. Consequently, point defect quantum devices are increasingly prominent in various quantum technology applications, including quantum internet and quantum sensin.

In light element semiconductors, the coherence of spin qubits is compromised by interactions with nuclear spins and paramagnetic defects. In high-purity samples, the magnetic environment of a spin qubit is predominantly influenced by the surrounding nuclear spin bath.

The interaction between point defect spins and nuclear spins is mediated through hyperfine coupling, which is determined by the positions of the nuclear spins and the spatial distribution of the defect's spin density. The hyperfine tensor, which parameterizes the hyperfine term in the spin Hamiltonian, is crucial in this interaction. The elements of the hyperfine tensor can be both calculated using first-principles electronic structure methods and measured via various magnetic resonance techniques.

While the accuracy of the calculated hyperfine tensors or parameters is impressive for nuclear spins close to the defectwithin 1-5 the precision diminishes significantly for nuclear spins positioned at greater distances. This decrease in accuracy is largely due to periodic boundary conditions and the limitations of finite-size effects.

In this study, researchers employed a first-principles code, widely recognized in the industry, to demonstrate that the computed hyperfine parameters' absolute relative error can surpass 100% for the NV center in diamond. They initially showcased the numerical inaccuracies in the hyperfine parameters using the industry-standard VASP code.

To address the methodological shortcomings, the team introduced a real-space integration method and employed a substantially large support lattice that accounted for nuclear spins beyond the supercell boundaries. They conducted extensive calculations for the NV center in diamond using different exchange-correlation functionals and benchmarked their results against existing experimental hyperfine datasets.

For these calculations, diamond supercells containing 1728 and 512 atoms with a central NV center were used. The researchers utilized the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functionals, applied stringent convergence criteria, and performed -point sampling of the Brillouin zone with a 500 eV cutoff energy for the plane-wave basis set.

The energy threshold for the self-consistent field calculations was set at 10-6 eV for the self-consistent field calculations, and the defect structure was optimized until the most significant force fell below 10-3 eV/. For the hyperfine tensor calculations in real space, the convergent spin density from the 1728-atom supercell model was utilized. This model was defined on a finely spaced real-space grid of 0.036 , processed through VASP.

By implementing the proposed method, researchers achieved a significant enhancement in hyperfine values, achieving a nearly 100-fold reduction in the mean absolute relative error (MARE) compared to the industry-standard VASP code. This substantial improvement was characterized by markedly lower relative mean errors across all measured distances.

In particular, the application of the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06) functional with a 0.2 mixing parameter demonstrated optimal performance for the NV center in diamond, yielding a mean absolute percentage error of just 1.7 % for nuclear spins located 6-30 from the NV center. This performance markedly surpassed previous theoretical predictions using VASP, indicating a significant advancement in the accuracy of hyperfine calculations.

The study further highlighted that the remaining discrepancies in the results could likely be attributed to inaccuracies in calculating the Fermi contact term. Moreover, researchers provided highly accurate hyperfine tensors for 104 lattice sites and volumetric hyperfine data with a spatial resolution finer than 0.1 . This level of precision is critical for the high-accuracy simulation of NV center quantum nodes, which are pivotal in quantum information processing and for accurately positioning nuclear spins through the comparison of experimental and theoretical hyperfine data.

In summary, this study confirmed that high-accuracy, finite-size effect-free hyperfine tensors can be computed effectively using the proposed integration method. These findings suggest that even more precise theoretical hyperfine data could be obtained by further enhancing numerical accuracy in larger supercells and incorporating more precise experimental data.

Takcs, I., Ivdy, V. (2024). Accurate hyperfine tensors for solid state quantum applications: Case of the NV center in diamond. Communications Physics, 7(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-024-01668-9, https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01668-9

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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