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Grant from Xcel Energy Foundation Provides Scholarships for WT … – West Texas A&M University

Copy by Chip Chandler, 806-651-2124, cchandler@wtamu.edu

CANYON, Texas A dozen budding engineers are getting plugged into their future career paths thanks to a significant gift to West Texas A&M University from the Xcel Energy Foundation.

The foundationthe charitable arm of Xcel Energygave a $20,000 grant to WTs College of Engineering, officials announced recently.

A portion of the funds provided full scholarships to 12 students taking part in WTs Engineering and Computing Camp, which runs June 5 to 9.

WTs College of Engineering has expanded the pool of talented engineers from our area with a desire to make their lives in Amarillo and surrounding cities, said Brad Baldrige, Xcel Energy director of customer and community relations. Its a great workforce development success story that will continue to play out as long as were engaging young students in opportunities such as the summer engineering camp and ensuring no one is left out because of limited financial resources.

Many campers were nominated by their teachers in surrounding schools, said Dr. Emily Hunt, dean of the College of Engineering.

Often, their families dont have the financial resources to send them to camp, Hunt said. We want to make sure we can accommodate as many campers as possible, and thanks to this generous gift from the Xcel Energy Foundation, these students are on the right path to fulfilling their dreams.

The grant also will provide support for WTs electrical engineering labs for University students, as well as provide additional funding for camp, which offers classes for students from kindergarten through 12th grade.

This years camp theme is STEM for Space, with students learning about the future of design in space and investigating materials, power and natural resources. Campers are using artificial intelligence to help scientists analyze data more quickly and accurately and automate operations on spacecraft. The continuous development of AI is helping rovers and landers explore other planets and moons in ways never before possible

The camp is one highly successful way WT recruits new students for the College of Engineering, Hunt said.

Ten incoming freshman this fall were campers when they were younger, and most of the students in our Pre-University Program were campers, as well, Hunt said.

Providing a nurturing yet rigorous educational environment for learners of all levels and meeting regional challenges are key goals of the Universitys long-range plan, WT 125: From the Panhandle to the World.

That plan is fueled by the historic, $125 million One West comprehensive fundraising campaign. To date, the campaign which publicly launched in September 2021 has raised more than $125 million and will continue through 2025.

About Xcel Energy

Xcel Energy (NASDAQ: XEL) provides the energy that powers millions of homes and businesses across eight Western and Midwestern states. Headquartered in Minneapolis, the company is an industry leader in responsibly reducing carbon emissions and producing and delivering clean energy solutions from a variety of renewable sources at competitive prices. For more information, visit xcelenergy.com or follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

About Xcel Energy Foundation

The Xcel Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization that awards charitable grants to nonprofit organizations and sponsors the volunteer programs of Xcel Energy and its subsidiaries. The majority of Xcel Energy Foundation funding comes from Xcel Energy shareholder dollars. For more information, visit xcelenergy.com/community/focus_area_grants.

About West Texas A&M University

WT is located in Canyon, Texas, on a 342-acre residential campus. Established in 1910, the University has been part of The Texas A&M University System since 1990. WT, a Hispanic Serving Institution since 2016, boasts an enrollment of about 10,000 and offers 59 undergraduate degree programs and more than 40 graduate degrees, including two doctoral degrees. The University is also home to the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, the largest history museum in the state and the home of one of the Southwests finest art collections. The Buffaloes are a member of the NCAA Division II Lone Star Conference and offers 14 mens and womens athletics programs.

WT

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URI engineering professor Arun Shukla awarded ASME Drucker … – University of Rhode Island

KINGSTON, R.I. June 5, 2023 For the past 42 years, University of Rhode Island professor Arun Shukla has been a part of theURI mechanical, industrial and systems engineering department, supervising over a hundred graduate students, conducting research and making substantial contributions to the engineering community.

Those efforts were recently recognized with the awarding of theDaniel C. Drucker Medal, given by theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The award, established in 1997, is conferred in recognition of distinguished contributions to the field of applied mechanics and mechanical engineering. Shukla is happy to be recognized.

Ive received awards from many societies, but this one is big, Shukla said. When I heard that I had been nominated for this one, it really made me feel very accomplished and proud. I looked at the list of awardees and found that theyre all from top universities. The last few winners were from MIT, Princeton, Northwestern, and Stanford. These are all top universities the country, and to have URI represented in that distinguished group makes me feel very proud. Its recognition that at least some parts of your work are recognized at the same level as those distinguished schools.

Shukla is proud of the students he has shepherded through their pursuit of a masters degree.

Much of his time has been devoted to working with the armed forces doing research on dynamic fractures, or as Shukla puts it, studying how to break things and how to prevent breakage. He examines the energy distribution at the moment of a catastrophic event such as what happens to an unmanned underwater vehicle at the moment it is crushed by underwater pressure.

Shukla has been on the board of several prestigious professional organizations that contributed to the engineering community, including the Society for Experimental Mechanics, where he served as president. The organization meets annually. In the 45 years that Ive been a member, Ive attended 43 meetings in person, he said.

It seems unlikely that Shukla is ready to rest on his laurels. Earlier that day, he had a meeting with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology to submit a project proposal to the U.S. Army, and had also done a presentation for 24 navy representatives from all over the world.

Although he turns 70 this year, he said, I thought by this time Id retire as my research wound down. However, things appear to be moving in the opposite direction.

Sometimes those who work in my lab are so good that I come home and get upset with myself, thinking How come I didnt think of an idea like one of my students came up with? They think out of the box and come up with new ideas.

This article was written by Hugh Markey.

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Starting August, Delhi University to also offer engineering degrees – The Indian Express

Come August, Delhi University will offer B.Tech degrees in Computer Science and Engineering; Electronics and Communication Engineering; and Electrical Engineering. This was approved during the Executive Council meeting Friday.

A total of 360 students will be admitted under these, with 120 students for each B.Tech programme. Admissions will be done based on the JEE Mains score. The course structure, credit distribution and syllabi for the first two semesters of the programme have been finalised.

The EC also approved the four-year Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) from the 2023-24 academic session. This will be a pilot project, the university said. Vice-Chancellor Yogesh Singh also said it will not have any impact on the teacher education programme in place currently.

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Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women, Mata Sundri College for Women and Jesus and Mary College have been granted approval to introduce ITEP by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) from the coming session.

The Indian Express in May had reported that DUs Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed) programme is set to be replaced with ITEP starting this year, which was met with opposition by several teachers.

Meanwhile, EC members Seema Das and Rajpal Singh Pawar opposed DUs strategic plan for the next 25 years which was presented in the meeting and later deferred. They said it is a clear blueprint for the privatisation and contractualisation of the university.

As reported by The Indian Express on June 3, Envisage DU 2047 includes several strategic goals such as a postgraduate programme in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, development of herbal products along with focus on drug discovery and nanomedicine, visits by at least five Nobel Laureates, and development of a science village.

The EC meeting also passed a resolution on capping the student-teacher ratio, which recently caused a furore among the teaching community.

Last month, the university had issued a notification stating that class sizes for lectures and tutorials have been capped at 60 and 30 respectively. Three EC members disapproved of the use of emergency powers by the V-C over the matter, terming it an anti-student and unacademic policy.

Other resolutions that were approved included the five-year LLB programme, setting up the Centre for Independence and Partition Studies, formation of a Tribal Studies Centre and a Masters programme in Hindu Studies.

The Indian Express (P) Ltd

First published on: 10-06-2023 at 05:52 IST

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The hot new job that pays six figures: AI Prompt Engineering – Tech.eu

You wont get a prize for guessing that search interest in the term will AI take my job has rocketed over the past six months. At the end of July 2022, search interest for the term was at 21, but by the end of April this year, Google registered a search interest of 100its highest rankingfor the term.

This curiosity surge is likely prompted by the November 2022 introduction of ChatGPT, the now-famous AI chatbot model developed by OpenAI. And with serious concerns being expressed by tech leaders about the technology, worries are accelerating.

In May, Geoffrey Hinton, the Godfather of AI, announced his resignation from Google, saying he now regretted his work, and that some of the dangers around AI chatbots were quite scary. Hinton pointed out that right now, they're not more intelligent than us, as far as I can tell. But I think they soon may be.

His concern is echoed by the recent Statement on AI Risk, issued by the Center for AI Safety. Signed by a group of top AI researchers, engineers, and CEOs, the statement says that Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war.

What the average worker wants to know right now is if theyll still have a job in a few years time. This isnt a new fearin fact, jobs are lost to technological advancements all the time. A century ago, most of the worlds population was employed in farming, for example.

Professional services company Accenture thinks that 40% of all working hours could be impacted by generative AI tools, and a Goldman Sachs study says that generative AI tools could impact as many as 300 million full-time jobs worldwide.

However, it isnt all bad news, not by a long shot: The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimates 97 million new jobs will emerge by 2025 to enable humans and machines to work together.

One of those roles is prompt engineering. This refers to the process of designing and refining prompts to achieve desired outcomes when using large language models like ChatGPT.

Prompt engineers are vital because it is their skills that are essential to crafting well-defined prompts which have the precision required to deliver the right kinds of outputs. And as with all skills, prompt engineering takes practice, especially as it is such an emerging field.

Right now, experts are few and far between, but OpenAI is seeking to change that with its free ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers course. Designed to teach prompt engineering best practices for application development, participants will also discover new ways to use large language models, including how to build custom chatbots, and will gain hands-on practice writing and iterating on prompts using the OpenAI API.

The field is only set to grow, with LinkedIn data finding that the number of posts referring to generative AI increased 36-fold in comparison to 2022, and the number of job postings containing the term GPT rising by 51% between 2021 and 2022.

Despite the fact that prompt engineering doesnt necessarily require programming or specific technical skills, the pay is high, with salaries in the US reported to be between $230,000 and $335,000.

For those with existing skills, it is a good time to be working in the artificial intelligence sector. The Digital Europe Programme (DIGITAL) is investing in learning and training opportunities that will create new AI experts with objectives and specific topic areas that will receive a total of 1.98 billion in funding.

If you are interested in a new job now, then the Tech EU Job Board is a great place to start. Discover thousands of open roles all across the tech industry, like the three below.

Neofonie GmbH seeks a Head of Artificial Intelligence in Berlin. You should be an experienced management expert with an eye for potential and opportunities in the areas of search, text analysis, and machine learning, and will have already demonstrated this expertise in several research and technology projects.

In this role, youll take control of consulting, research, and implementation activities for data-related challenges in a wide variety of industries and application areas, and further develop the research and technology roadmap in close cooperation with sales and professional services.

In Paris, BNP Paribas has an opening for an Analytics & AI Communication, Culture, and Transformation role. Here, youll establish relationships with representatives of all the Analytics and AI teams to maintain a view of the topics of interest and news for these teams, as well as many other tasks.

To be considered, youll need a BAC+5, at least three years of experience in banking, insurance, or another B2C industry and youll have worked in a marketing, communication, or event function in the field of data and artificial intelligence.

Or, discover this AI Ethics Lead job at BT in London. Youll be understanding in assessing the value and risks of a wide variety of use cases, impacting customers, colleagues, partners and wider society. Youll be collaborating with many different teams across BT, including business units, DS and AI teams, policy and legal, and advising senior stakeholders at director level and above.

Requirements include five or more years experience in leading data and/or AI ethics initiatives in a commercial setting, proven success in collaborating with data scientists and in engaging and managing a complex set of stakeholders, and strong technical awareness of a range of AI techniques and approaches, together with their pros and cons, with respect to data and AI ethics.

Accelerate your career in AI today on the Tech EU Job Board

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Shapir Engineering and Industry’s (TLV:SPEN) 20% CAGR outpaced the company’s earnings growth over the same five-year period – Simply Wall St

The most you can lose on any stock (assuming you don't use leverage) is 100% of your money. But on a lighter note, a good company can see its share price rise well over 100%. Long term Shapir Engineering and Industry Ltd (TLV:SPEN) shareholders would be well aware of this, since the stock is up 141% in five years. It's even up 7.7% in the last week. But this might be partly because the broader market had a good week last week, gaining 4.4%.

Since the stock has added 671m to its market cap in the past week alone, let's see if underlying performance has been driving long-term returns.

View our latest analysis for Shapir Engineering and Industry

While the efficient markets hypothesis continues to be taught by some, it has been proven that markets are over-reactive dynamic systems, and investors are not always rational. One imperfect but simple way to consider how the market perception of a company has shifted is to compare the change in the earnings per share (EPS) with the share price movement.

Over half a decade, Shapir Engineering and Industry managed to grow its earnings per share at 4.4% a year. This EPS growth is lower than the 19% average annual increase in the share price. So it's fair to assume the market has a higher opinion of the business than it did five years ago. And that's hardly shocking given the track record of growth.

The image below shows how EPS has tracked over time (if you click on the image you can see greater detail).

It might be well worthwhile taking a look at our free report on Shapir Engineering and Industry's earnings, revenue and cash flow.

It is important to consider the total shareholder return, as well as the share price return, for any given stock. The TSR is a return calculation that accounts for the value of cash dividends (assuming that any dividend received was reinvested) and the calculated value of any discounted capital raisings and spin-offs. So for companies that pay a generous dividend, the TSR is often a lot higher than the share price return. We note that for Shapir Engineering and Industry the TSR over the last 5 years was 152%, which is better than the share price return mentioned above. This is largely a result of its dividend payments!

Although it hurts that Shapir Engineering and Industry returned a loss of 3.5% in the last twelve months, the broader market was actually worse, returning a loss of 10%. Longer term investors wouldn't be so upset, since they would have made 20%, each year, over five years. It could be that the business is just facing some short term problems, but shareholders should keep a close eye on the fundamentals. I find it very interesting to look at share price over the long term as a proxy for business performance. But to truly gain insight, we need to consider other information, too. Case in point: We've spotted 3 warning signs for Shapir Engineering and Industry you should be aware of, and 1 of them is a bit unpleasant.

We will like Shapir Engineering and Industry better if we see some big insider buys. While we wait, check out this free list of growing companies with considerable, recent, insider buying.

Please note, the market returns quoted in this article reflect the market weighted average returns of stocks that currently trade on Israeli exchanges.

Find out whether Shapir Engineering and Industry is potentially over or undervalued by checking out our comprehensive analysis, which includes fair value estimates, risks and warnings, dividends, insider transactions and financial health.

Have feedback on this article? Concerned about the content? Get in touch with us directly. Alternatively, email editorial-team (at) simplywallst.com.

This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. We provide commentary based on historical data and analyst forecasts only using an unbiased methodology and our articles are not intended to be financial advice. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. We aim to bring you long-term focused analysis driven by fundamental data. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material. Simply Wall St has no position in any stocks mentioned.

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6 Analysts Have This to Say About Mayville Engineering – Mayville Engineering (NYSE:MEC) – Benzinga

June 9, 2023 8:09 AM | 1 min read

Mayville Engineering (NYSE:MEC) has observed the following analyst ratings within the last quarter:

These 6 analysts have an average price target of $18.0 versus the current price of Mayville Engineering at $14.63, implying upside.

Enter your email and you'll also get Benzinga's ultimate morning update AND a free $30 gift card and more!

Below is a summary of how these 6 analysts rated Mayville Engineering over the past 3 months. The greater the number of bullish ratings, the more positive analysts are on the stock and the greater the number of bearish ratings, the more negative analysts are on the stock

Massive returns are possible within this market! For a limited time, get access to the Benzinga Insider Report, usually $47/month, for just $0.99! Discover extremely undervalued stock picks before they skyrocket! Time is running out! Act fast and secure your future wealth at this unbelievable discount! Claim Your $0.99 Offer NOW!

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This current average has decreased by 3.59% from the previous average price target of $18.67.

Stay up to date on Mayville Engineering analyst ratings.

If you are interested in following small-cap stock news and performance you can start by tracking it here.

Analysts work in banking and financial systems and typically specialize in reporting for stocks or defined sectors. Analysts may attend company conference calls and meetings, research company financial statements, and communicate with insiders to publish "analyst ratings" for stocks. Analysts typically rate each stock once per quarter.

Some analysts will also offer forecasts for metrics like growth estimates, earnings, and revenue to provide further guidance on stocks. Investors who use analyst ratings should note that this specialized advice comes from humans and may be subject to error.

This article was generated by Benzinga's automated content engine and reviewed by an editor.

2023 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.

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Industrial Engineering Professor Named Head of Department – University of Arkansas Newswire

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Alumnus and professor Chase Rainwater

Chase Rainwater, an alumnus and professor of industrial engineering known for his outstanding mentorship of students, has been named head of the Department of Industrial Engineering effective June 1. He takes the helm from Ed Pohl, who was named dean of the UofA Graduate School and International Education in May.

Rainwater earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from UofA in 2004 and a Ph.D. in industrial and systems engineering from the University of Florida in 2009.

He joined the College of Engineering as an assistant professor of industrial engineering in 2009 and has been promoted twice, achieving the rank of professor in 2021. He also has served as associate department head, director of the J.B. Hunt Innovation Center of Excellence, inaugural director of the Master of Science in operations analytics program and co-director of the Arkansas Security Research and Education Institute.

"The Department of Industrial Engineering has meant so much to me as both a student and a faculty member. It is a tremendous honor to be its next leader. We are fortunate to have exceptional faculty and staff, and passionate alumni. Together we will continue our focus on the development of students and our commitment to their success," Rainwater said. "I look forward to building on the tremendous momentum created by Dr. Ed Pohl as the department head. He has been an influential mentor to me and so many others. I am grateful for his leadership and dedication to the Department of Industrial Engineering and the University of Arkansas."

Rainwater is regarded as an exceptional educator, teaching numerous courses in computing, as well as optimization, probability and statistics. His research interests include supply chain logistics, security and food safety.His work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Department of Education, in addition to multiple national labs, nonprofit organizations and companies. Rainwater is a strong supporter of the Arkansas STEM community and has been a mentor in the FIRST program since 2010.

"Chase brings a wealth of expertise, experience and passion that will ensure the department's success in training the industrial engineers of tomorrow," said Dean Kim Needy. "His impressive track record of research and teaching will undoubtedly help us further our strategic vision, strengthen industry partnerships and attract top-tier faculty and students."

Rainwater recently was awarded the title of fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, recognizing his outstanding leadership and significant, nationally recognized contributions to industrial and systems engineering. A fellow is the highest classification of membership in the institute.

Pohl, who joined the College of Engineering as an associate professor in 2004, had served as head of industrial engineering since 2014. He began his new duties in the graduate school on June 1.

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XRP and Litecoin (LTC) Breakouts on the Horizon? Heres How Bitcoin (BTC) Can Help: Crypto Analyst – The Daily Hodl

A widely followed crypto analyst thinks XRP and Litecoin (LTC) can rally if Bitcoin (BTC) can overcome a key price level.

Crypto trader Michal van de Poppetellshis 657,400 Twitter followers that BTC must rise above $26,800 to have a chance of rallying.

The lower timeframe picture for BTC is quite simple.

We need to break through $26,800 in order to have a continuation going here.

That means, if we break and flip that level, $27,500 is on the cards, but most likely $28,000 & breakouts on XRP and LTC.

Bitcoin is worth $26,551 at time of writing. According to Van de Poppe, if BTC can rally to $28,000, XRP and LTC are likely to experience breakouts.

XRP is worth $0.53 at time of writing. LTC is trading for $89.32.

Diving deeper into BTCs price movement, the analystpredictsthat if BTC can hold its current levels, it will be looking at a green summer ahead.

Great retest for Bitcoin, and if the weekly closes like this, well be having a close above the 200-Week MA (moving average) and EMA (exponential moving average).

That would mean that well be going up next week and have green numbers coming during Summer.

Looking at altcoins as a whole, Van de Poppebelievesthe altcoin markets are at a pivotal juncture.

Total altcoin market capitalization of crypto is also on the edge of an important point here.

Closing above 200-Week MA and EMA -> good sign.

Closing beneath -> more pain to come.

Featured Image: Shutterstock/diversepixel/nsimsek0

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Engineering a greener future with renewable heating technologies – Open Access Government

To meet the UKs 2050 net zero targets and transition to a low-carbon economy, almost complete decarbonisation of the UKs housing stock is needed.

The race to net zero is heating up. At Ideal Heating, were engineering a greener future. Here, I discuss the vital role of manufacturers in the shift to renewable heating technologies

The Office for National Statistics reported in August 2022 that over a quarter of UK carbon emissions are produced by the nations 25 million homes.

That means decarbonising homes and supporting the drive to a net zero economy will require a transition from traditional gas boilers.

In response to this challenge, the Government has set a target of 600,000 heat pumps to be installed in UK homes annually by 2028. Thats a very ambitious goal, but we will do all we can to contribute.

At Ideal Heating, were rapidly transforming our business and the products we manufacture to support the transition to net zero.

Recently we launched Logic Air our new monobloc heat pump for the domestic market. This flagship new product represents a substantial investment from Ideal Heating in our technology, people and operations.

For generations, weve been at the forefront of the UK heating industry, and our market-leading boilers have kept homes warm and dry for over 100 years.

Now its time to hand the baton over to products such as Logic Air. Designed to deliver efficient, reliable low carbon heating, Logic Air will be a vital piece of the jigsaw as homes are converted from gas to renewable sources of energy.

We know heat pumps arent the only solution. A combination of technologies and products will be needed to decarbonise UK homes.

But were confident that Logic Air will become a staple at the heart of peoples homes, as our boilers have been for decades.

Behind all our products, including Logic Air, is a suite of a wealth of experience and expertise combined with world-class technology, customer support and training.

Our UK-based customer support team helps customers 364 days a year, providing a rapid, efficient response to their needs.

Theyre supported by a network of over 150 service engineers, providing a same or next-day response to customers nationwide.

It means if you need any help or support, well provide it quickly and get you back up and running.

To meet the ambitious targets set by the Government, the UK will need a network of skilled, low-carbon engineers.

However, the industry has acknowledged a shortage of installers with the skills and experience to fit heat pumps.

Were playing our part in bridging the skills gap by creating a best-in-class learning environment at our new National Training and Technology Centre in Hessle, East Yorkshire.

Our sector-leading facility will train up to 5,000 engineers annually in green technologies, driving the heating industry forward.

The heating industry is deeply committed to the net zero agenda and moving at pace to make the required changes.

It means manufacturers such as Ideal Heating must reshape our entire business operations in a very short space of time.

Investment must be made in skills, training, equipment and resources to ramp up heat pump manufacturing and servicing. At Ideal Heating, were investing 60 million at our site in Hull in new facilities to support the transition to heat pumps.

But our message is clear the targets which have been set can only be achieved by working with manufacturers.

This transition will not be achieved if unrealistic conditions and punitive measures are put in place which deter investment and create additional pressures in an already fiercely- competitive business environment.

The challenges of climate change unite all of us. Only by working together and by the Government and other stakeholders understanding the challenges faced by the heating industry will we succeed in changing how our homes are heated.

At Ideal Heating, we have the expertise and the experience to help customers and partners in the low-carbon transition.

Ideal Heatings parent company, Groupe Atlantic, is a European heat pump market leader. Working closely with our colleagues in France, were sharing knowledge and know-how in the renewable heating technologies which will heat our homes for generations to come.

Our industry expertise spans world-class training, exceptional customer support, pioneering research and development and decades of experience manufacturing reliable, efficient heating products.

Were the UK leader in both the domestic and commercial heating markets, and now were playing our part in the next chapter.

The future is greener, and Ideal Heating is right at the heart of it.

Providing heating solutions for over 100 years, Ideal Heating has been supplying domestic and commercial markets since 1906 Ideal Commercial Boilers is the UKs market leader of high efficiency commercial heating solutions. Operating from our Hull manufacturing plant and offices since 1906, we are one of the few true British manufacturers left in the heating []

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The Ethics of Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Practice … – IPWatchdog.com

For those who are destined to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT, the ethical concerns presented are not insurmountable but do require practitioners to engage in serious forethought and consultation with clients prior to use.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has taken center stage in popular culture thanks to the significant advances of tools like ChatGPT. Of course, the use of these new, high-powered AI tools presents real issues for businesses of all types and all sizes. Notably, Samsung employees shared confidential information with ChatGPT while using the chatbot at work. Subsequently, Samsung decided to restrict the use of generative AI tools on company-owned devices and on any device with access to internal networks. Concerned about the loss of confidential information, Apple has likewise restricted employees from using ChatGPT and other external AI tools.

The actual or potential loss of confidential information is a matter of critical importance to technology companies, but it also must be of the utmost concern for all attorneys who have an ethical obligation to keep client information confidential.

The confidentiality concerns presented when using generative AIwhich is a particular type of AI that can produce various types of content when promptedmust be thoroughly understood and appreciated. For example, do you know whether the AI tool will use the information provided on a going forward basis for the purpose of training the AI model?

According to ChatGPT, information submitted through the OpenAI API is not used to train the OpenAI models or to improve OpenAIs service offerings. However, data submitted through non-API consumer services such as ChatGPT can be used on a going forward basis to improve the model. So, once information is submitted through ChatGPT, the AI can use the information to inform itself and answer the queries of others, which almost certainly means that information is no longer a trade secret. And it would be a gigantic failure of one of the most basic ethical requirements if such information were shared by an attorney or patent practitioner ethically required to maintain such information in confidence.

Recall that Rule 1.6(a) of the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct prohibits a lawyer from revealing information relating to the representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Rules of Professional Conduct similarly prohibit patent practitioners from revealing information relating to the representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent See 37 CFR 11.106(a). Both Rule 1.6 and Rule 11.106 further require practitioners to make reasonable efforts to prevent the inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, information relating to the representation of a client. Of course, the USPTO Rules do have a caveat not present in the ABA Model Rules, which requires practitioners to disclose to the Office information necessary to comply with applicable duty of disclosure provisions. See 37 CFR 11.106(c).

Whether or how one can comply with Rule 11.106(c) when generative AI tools are used remains an open question. For example, how do you know where the information came from if you rely on information from ChatGPT? Without knowing where the information provided by ChatGPT comes from it is impossible to know what you may be incorporating into a patent disclosure. If the practice of blanket incorporation by reference under 37 CFR 1.57 is problematic (e.g. because you dont take the time to really know what is being included that may or may not be contradictory) the blind incorporation of material provided by a generative AI tool like ChatGPT could be catastrophic. Is the information being provided culled from competitors and you are about to include that information into your patent application? What will that mean for ownership down the road if any of that information is relied upon in a claim? Would it be possible for a competitor to demonstrate that what you included was derived from information ChatGPT included in its corpusfrom whatever sourceand since you have used it in a claim there is an unidentified inventor lurking that could, through successful petition or lawsuit, later be found to be a co-inventor, thereby sharing ownership interests?

Of course, even given the confidentiality risk, loss of rights to trade secrets, and not knowing where the provided information came from, which all go along with the use of a generative AI tool like ChatGPT, it can still be a very tempting tool. When searching for ways to describe an innovation accurately, completely, and creatively, generative AI tools can be used to accelerate the acquisition of information and data, and even provide text relative to some aspects of an innovationhopefully limited to whatever discussion of the prior art you will provide in the background, or to provide context to the reader so as to demonstrate the benefits provided by the innovation. And in a world where both the Federal Circuit and Supreme Court continually demand more disclosure in patent applications, and clients simultaneously demand patent professionals do more for less money, everyone is looking for ways to cut corners without crippling quality. So, from a risk-reward perspective, the use of generative AI tools may be too beneficial to pass up.

For those who are destined to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT, the ethical concerns presented are not insurmountable but do require practitioners to engage in serious forethought and consultation with clients prior to use.

ABA Rule 1.4 requires a lawyer to promptly inform the client of any decision or circumstance with respect to which the clients informed consent is required See Rule 1.4(a)(1). A lawyer is also required to explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions See Rule 1.4(b). Lawyers are also required to reasonably consult with the client about the means by which the clients objectives are to be accomplished. See Rule 1.4(a)(2). The USPTO Rule37 CFR 1.104mimics the ABA Rule.

Understanding how generative AI solutions collect, store and use the information that will be provided is a prerequisite for the informed consideration of issues like confidentiality, and ultimately communicating with clients to obtain fully informed consent. For example, as you use a particular AI solution to craft a portion of a description for a patent application, will that AI internalize the information provided and continue to include that information as part of its corpus that it will learn from and pull from when engaging with future users? As already mentioned, ChatGPT sometimes will use that information, and sometimes it wont. Knowing the specific terms and conditions associated with the use of the AI tool is required to reasonably consult with the client and explain the matter to the extent necessary to make an informed decision whether to authorize the use of generative AI tools. See ABA Rule 1.4 and USPTO Rule 11.104.

And perhaps on the most basic level, the rules of professional conduct require competence. A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client, reads ABA Rule 1.1 and is mimicked by USPTO Rule 11.101. With competence being defined as requiring legal, scientific and technical knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation. Rule 11.101, which is similar to ABA Rule 1.1 except for the general ABA provision does not mandate scientific and technical knowledge.

Emphasizing the requirement that practitioners exhibit the requisite level of competence may seem silly, or even trite, but it is worth remembering that generative AI tools like ChatGPT, while remarkable in their abilities, are not foolproof or flawless. For example, I had a conversation with ChatGPT through which the topic of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) arose. ChatGPT referred to the judges as Administrative Law Judges, which is inaccurate. The judges who make up the PTAB are Administrative Patent Judges, not ALJs. Perhaps a small distinction on its face, but as the conversation proceeded, this fundamental misunderstanding led ChatGPT to additional erroneous conclusions, including that there is a requirement that PTAB judges have seven years of legal experience to be hired. Indeed, many dozens of APJs without even five years of legal experience have been hired by the USPTO to be PTAB judges. And when asked where this erroneous information was coming from, ChatGPT refused to answer the question. Still, the answers provided were given with an air of authority and credibility that it would be easy for someone not completely and thoroughly knowledgeable to succumb to the erroneous information being provided.

The duty of competent representation almost certainly requires more of lawyers and patent practitioners than generative AI tools like ChatGPT are currently capable of providing. This does not mean that it cannot be useful, assuming the hurdles relating to confidentiality and informed client consent have been addressed, but the blind use of ChatGPT by licensed professionals almost certainly will not be sufficient to rise to the level of expected competence by ethics officials. In other words, arguing that the information provided by ChatGPT seemed credible and reliable will likely not satisfy the threshold of competence expected should things go terribly wrong, which is generally the prerequisite to an ethical investigation and broader ethical inquiry.

Finally, whatever decisions are made by the practitioner and firm with respect to the appropriate protocol for considering use of generative AI, communicating with clients to get informed consent and verifying the information, it is critical that all managing practitioners remember they have a duty to supervise those who work for them, as well as non-attorneys and non-practitioners employed or engaged to facilitate the representation of the client. See ABA Rule 5.1 and 5.2, and USPTO Rule 11.501 et seq.

Image Source: Depoist PhotosImage ID: 651971872Author: Primakov

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