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A diagram depicting the novel camera system (AMI-EV). Image courtesy of the UMIACS Computer Vision Laboratory.

A team led by University of Maryland computer scientists invented a camera mechanism that improves how robots see and react to the world around them. Inspired by how the human eye works, their innovative camera system mimics the tiny involuntary movements used by the eye to maintain clear and stable vision over time. The teams prototyping and testing of the cameracalled the Artificial Microsaccade-Enhanced Event Camera (AMI-EV)was detailed in a paper published in the journal Science Robotics in May 2024.

Event cameras are a relatively new technology better at tracking moving objects than traditional cameras, but todays event cameras struggle to capture sharp, blur-free images when theres a lot of motion involved, said the papers lead author Botao He, a computer science Ph.D. student at UMD. Its a big problem because robots and many other technologiessuch as self-driving carsrely on accurate and timely images to react correctly to a changing environment. So, we asked ourselves: How do humans and animals make sure their vision stays focused on a moving object?

For Hes team, the answer was microsaccades, small and quick eye movements that involuntarily occur when a person tries to focus their view. Through these minute yet continuous movements, the human eye can keep focus on an object and its visual texturessuch as color, depth and shadowingaccurately over time.

We figured that just like how our eyes need those tiny movements to stay focused, a camera could use a similar principle to capture clear and accurate images without motion-caused blurring, He said.

The team successfully replicated microsaccades by inserting a rotating prism inside the AMI-EV to redirect light beams captured by the lens. The continuous rotational movement of the prism simulated the movements naturally occurring within a human eye, allowing the camera to stabilize the textures of a recorded object just as a human would. The team then developed software to compensate for the prisms movement within the AMI-EV to consolidate stable images from the shifting lights.

Study co-author Yiannis Aloimonos, a professor of computer science at UMD, views the teams invention as a big step forward in the realm of robotic vision.

Our eyes take pictures of the world around us and those pictures are sent to our brain, where the images are analyzed. Perception happens through that process and thats how we understand the world, explained Aloimonos, who is also director of the Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS). When youre working with robots, replace the eyes with a camera and the brain with a computer. Better cameras mean better perception and reactions for robots.

The researchers also believe that their innovation could have significant implications beyond robotics and national defense. Scientists working in industries that rely on accurate image capture and shape detection are constantly looking for ways to improve their camerasand AMI-EV could be the key solution to many of the problems they face.

With their unique features, event sensors and AMI-EV are poised to take center stage in the realm of smart wearables, said research scientist Cornelia Fermller, senior author of the paper. They have distinct advantages over classical camerassuch as superior performance in extreme lighting conditions, low latency and low power consumption. These features are ideal for virtual reality applications, for example, where a seamless experience and the rapid computations of head and body movements are necessary.

In early testing, AMI-EV was able to capture and display movement accurately in a variety of contexts, including human pulse detection and rapidly moving shape identification. The researchers also found that AMI-EV could capture motion in tens of thousands of frames per second, outperforming most typically available commercial cameras, which capture 30 to 1000 frames per second on average. This smoother and more realistic depiction of motion could prove to be pivotal in anything from creating more immersive augmented reality experiences and better security monitoring to improving how astronomers capture images in space.

Our novel camera system can solve many specific problems, like helping a self-driving car figure out what on the road is a human and what isnt, Aloimonos said. As a result, it has many applications that much of the general public already interacts with, like autonomous driving systems or even smartphone cameras. We believe that our novel camera system is paving the way for more advanced and capable systems to come.

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In addition to He, Aloimonos and Fermller, other UMD co-authors include Jingxi Chen (B.S. 20, computer science; M.S. 22, computer science) and Chahat Deep Singh (M.E. 18, robotics; Ph.D. 23, computer science).

This research is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Award No. 2020624) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62322314 and 62088101). This article does not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations.

The paper, Microsaccade-inspired event camera for robotics, was published in Science Robotics on May 29, 2024.

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