The National Security Agency fears a quantum computing breakthrough by Americas adversaries would jeopardize the security of the global economy and allow foes to peer inside top-secret communications systems.

The agencys concern is that an unforeseen advance in quantum technology would crack encryption systems used to protect everything from financial transactions to sensitive communications involving nuclear weapons, according to NSA Director of Research Gil Herrera.

Speaking at an Intelligence and National Security Alliance event last week, Mr. Herrera said no country has a quantum computer that he would consider useful yet.

He said there are a lot of teams around the world building with different technologies and someone could achieve a development representing a black swan event, an extremely unexpected occurrence with profound and dangerous consequences for U.S. national security.

If this black swan event happens, then were really screwed, Mr. Herrera said.

Americans could suffer consequences from such a quantum leap in several ways. Mr. Herrera said the world economy, and the U.S. market in particular, are vulnerable because most financial transactions are secured by encryption systems that cant be cracked by non-quantum means.

If quantum tech weakens or eliminates such encryption walls, then financial institutions may have to resort to older transaction methods and banks would look for other means to protect their dealings with other banks, according to Mr. Herrera.

And, he warned, other industries may be even less resilient in the face of the threat. Mr. Herrera said the threat of a quantum computer is not limited to its immediate potential damage, but to the fallout from obtaining encrypted information that was previously recorded.

Drawing on his decades of experience at Sandia National Laboratories, Mr. Herrera said a quantum advance may be able to help people find information on weapons systems that have been in the U.S. arsenal for a significant period of time.

There are ways that we can communicate with our various partners in nuclear weapon production where public key encryption is utilized to share keys, Mr. Herrera said. And now, what if somebodys recorded that information and they crack it?

Details on foreign adversaries advanced computing capabilities are closely guarded, Federal policymakers are worried in particular about Chinas efforts to achieve computing breakthroughs.

Reflecting on supercomputers at a House Armed Services Committee hearing last year, Rep. Morgan Luttrell said he worried Beijing may have already surpassed the U.S. in its supercomputing prowess.

China should have on board or online another computer that would have trumped us and pushed us back some, the Texas Republican said at the March 2023 hearing. So the amount of money theyre spending in that space as compared to us would make me think that theyre ahead of us.

Retired Gen. Paul Nakasone, then in charge of U.S. Cyber Command, cautioned Mr. Luttrell against assuming that outspending America would guarantee an adversarys technological success.

Spending money doesnt necessarily mean that youre the best in what you do and being able to integrate that kind of capability is what really matters, Gen. Nakasone said at the hearing. So being able to take the intelligence, integrate it within maneuver force to have an outcome is where I clearly see United States has the lead.

But experts agree that quantum computing breakthroughs would dramatically outdo existing supercomputers. The NSA is not waiting to find out.

Mr. Herrera said the NSA believes the algorithms it is deploying will withstand a quantum attack.

One thing NSA has done about it is we actually started research in quantum-resistant algorithms not too long after we started funding academic programs to come up with what a quantum computer would look like, Mr. Herrera said. So we have a lot of maturity within the NSA, we have been deploying quantum-resistant encryption in certain key national security applications for a while now.

Efforts to better understand the quantum capabilities of Americas adversaries are underway as well. The congressionally chartered U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission is scrutinizing the communist countrys push to transform its military through the application of quantum and emerging technologies to its weapons systems and logistics.

Last month, the commission conducted a hearing that included an examination of Chinas quest for teleportation technology.

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NSA fears quantum computing surprise: 'If this black swan event happens, then we're really screwed' - Washington Times

Optimization problems cover a wide range of applications and are often cited as good candidates for quantum computing. However, the execution time for constrained combinatorial optimization applications on quantum devices can be problematic. Researchers from Waseda University report developing a new algorithm post-processing variationally scheduled quantum algorithm (pVSQA) that speeds performance.

Therea brief account of the work posted today on the Waseda University website. Constrained combinatorial problems (COP) are common in logistics, supply chain management, machine learning, material design, and drug discovery. The researchers report the novelty of their algorithm is its use of a post-processing technique combined with variational scheduling to achieve high-quality solutions to COPs in a short time.

The two main methods for solving COPs with quantum devices are variational scheduling and post-processing. Our algorithm combines variational scheduling with a post-processing method that transforms infeasible solutions into feasible ones, allowing us to achieve near-optimal solutions for constrained COPs on both quantum annealers and gate-based quantum computers, said Tatsuhiko Shirai, a leader in the work, which was published in EEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering this month.

Heres a brief excerpt from the article:

The innovative pVSQA algorithm uses a quantum device to first generate a variational quantum state via quantum computation. This is then used to generate a probability distribution function which consists of all the feasible and infeasible solutions that are within the constraints of the COP. Next, the post-processing method transforms the infeasible solutions into feasible ones, leaving the probability distribution with only feasible solutions. A classical computer is then used to calculate an energy expectation value of the cost function using this new probability distribution. Repeating this calculation results in a near-optimal solution.

The researchers analyzed the performance of this algorithm using both a simulator and real quantum devices such as a quantum annealer and a gate-type quantum device. The experiments revealed that pVSQA achieves a near-optimal performance within a predetermined time on the simulator and outperforms conventional quantum algorithms without post-processing on real quantum devices.

Given the limits of current quantum devices (adiabatic annealers and gate-based systems), the researchers suggest the new algorithm is a significant step forwards particularly given the wider applicability of constrained combinatorial optimization.

They note in the papers abstract:

COPs are typically transformed into ground-state search problems of the Ising model on a quantum annealer or gate-based quantum device. Variational methods are used to find an optimal schedule function that leads to high-quality solutions in a short amount of time. Post-processing techniques convert the output solutions of the quantum devices to satisfy the constraints of the COPs.

pVSQA combines the variational methods and the post-processing technique. We obtain a sufficient condition for constrained COPs to apply pVSQA based on a greedy post-processing algorithm. We apply the proposed method to two constrained NP-hard COPs: the graph partitioning problem and the quadratic knapsack problem. pVSQA on a simulator shows that a small number of variational parameters is sufficient to achieve a (near-)optimal performance within a predetermined operation time. Then building upon the simulator results, we implement pVSQA on a quantum annealer and a gate-based quantum device. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Link to Waseda University article, https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/news/80146

Link to IEEE paper, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10472069

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Waseda U. Researchers Reports New Quantum Algorithm for Speeding Optimization - HPCwire

Quantum computers of the future may ultimately outperform their classical counterparts to solve intractable problems in computer science, medicine, business, chemistry, physics, and other fields. But the machines are not there yet: They are riddled with inherent errors, which researchers are actively working to reduce. One way to study these errors is to use classical computers to simulate the quantum systems and verify their accuracy. The only catch is that as quantum machines become increasingly complex, running simulations of them on traditional computers would take years or longer.

Now, Caltech researchers have invented a new method by which classical computers can measure the error rates of quantum machines without having to fully simulate them. The team describes the method in a paper in the journal Nature.

"In a perfect world, we want to reduce these errors. That's the dream of our field," says Adam Shaw, lead author of the study and a graduate student who works in the laboratory of Manuel Endres, professor of physics at Caltech. "But in the meantime, we need to better understand the errors facing our system, so we can work to mitigate them. That motivated us to come up with a new approach for estimating the success of our system."

In the new study, the team performed experiments using a type of simple quantum computer known as a quantum simulator. Quantum simulators are more limited in scope than current rudimentary quantum computers and are tailored for specific tasks. The group's simulator is made up of individually controlled Rydberg atomsatoms in highly excited stateswhich they manipulate using lasers.

One key feature of the simulator, and of all quantum computers, is entanglementa phenomenon in which certain atoms become connected to each other without actually touching. When quantum computers work on a problem, entanglement is naturally built up in the system, invisibly connecting the atoms. Last year, Endres, Shaw, and colleagues revealed that as entanglement grows, those connections spread out in a chaotic or random fashion, meaning that small perturbations lead to big changes in the same way that a butterfly's flapping wings could theoretically affect global weather patterns.

This increasing complexity is believed to be what gives quantum computers the power to solve certain types of problems much faster than classical computers, such as those in cryptography in which large numbers must be quickly factored.

But once the machines reach a certain number of connected atoms, or qubits, they can no longer be simulated using classical computers. "When you get past 30 qubits, things get crazy," Shaw says. "The more qubits and entanglement you have, the more complex the calculations are."

The quantum simulator in the new study has 60 qubits, which Shaw says puts it in a regime that is impossible to simulate exactly. "It becomes a catch-22. We want to study a regime that is hard for classical computers to work in, but still rely on those classical computers to tell if our quantum simulator is correct." To meet the challenge, Shaw and colleagues took a new approach, running classical computer simulations that allow for different amounts of entanglement. Shaw likens this to painting with brushes of different size.

"Let's say our quantum computer is painting the Mona Lisa as an analogy," he says. "The quantum computer can paint very efficiently and, in theory, perfectly, but it makes errors that smear out the paint in parts of the painting. It's like the quantum computer has shaky hands. To quantify these errors, we want our classical computer to simulate what the quantum computer has done, but our Mona Lisa would be too complex for it. It's as if the classical computers only have giant brushes or rollers and can't capture the finer details.

"Instead, we have many classical computers paint the same thing with progressively finer and finer brushes, and then we squint our eyes and estimate what it would have looked like if they were perfect. Then we use that to compare against the quantum computer and estimate its errors. With many cross-checks, we were able to show this squinting' is mathematically sound and gives the answer quite accurately."

The researchers estimated that their 60-qubit quantum simulator operates with an error rate of 91 percent (or an accuracy rate of 9 percent). That may sound low, but it is, in fact, relatively high for the state of the field. For reference, the 2019 Google experiment, in which the team claimed their quantum computer outperformed classical computers, had an accuracy of 0.3 percent (though it was a different type of system than the one in this study).

Shaw says: "We now have a benchmark for analyzing the errors in quantum computing systems. That means that as we make improvements to the hardware, we can measure how well the improvements worked. Plus, with this new benchmark, we can also measure how much entanglement is involved in a quantum simulation, another metric of its success."

The Nature paper titled "Benchmarking highly entangled states on a 60-atom analog quantum simulator" was funded by the National Science Foundation (partially via Caltech's Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, or IQIM), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Army Research Office, the U.S. Department of Energy's Quantum Systems Accelerator, the Troesh postdoctoral fellowship, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and Caltech's Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics. Other Caltech authors include former postdocs Joonhee Choi and Pascal Scholl; Ran Finkelstein, Troesh Postdoctoral Scholar Research Associate in Physics; and Andreas Elben, Sherman Fairchild Postdoctoral Scholar Research Associate in Theoretical Physics. Zhuo Chen, Daniel Mark, and Soonwon Choi (BS '12) of MIT are also authors.

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Verifying the Work of Quantum Computers - Caltech

In a groundbreaking stride toward secure global communications, researchers at the University of Waterloos Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) have seamlessly integrated two Nobel Prize-recognized discoveries to enhance photon entanglement. Their work centers around the ingenious use of quantum dots, microscopic semiconductor devices that have now demonstrated a tremendous leap in the production of entangled photon pairs with nearly impeccable precision.

This accomplishment speaks volumes about the future capabilities of quantum communication, particularly in achieving quantum key distribution or the linking up of distant quantum computers. Professor Michael Reimer, from the IQC and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, pointed out the dual achievement of producing photon pairs that boast both superior entanglement and enhanced efficiency.

The research team boasts a photon source that eclipses prior models by up to 65 times in terms of effectiveness. Their innovative approach involved placing quantum dots inside a nanowire and using advanced, high-resolution single photon detectors to combat the challenges associated with fine structure splittinga vexing quantum effect that used to obscure accurate entanglement measurements.

Demonstrations using the new quantum dot entanglement source to ape secure communication protocols have shown promising results, indicating potential applications that could revolutionize the way sensitive information is shared across the globe. By addressing significant obstacles in both precision and efficiency, and by showing the practical utility of their findings in security tasks, the IQC scientists have championed a pivotal evolution in the ever-expanding field of quantum communication.

This leap doesnt just set a new benchmarkit ignites the imagination for what the next era of interconnected, secure quantum systems might look like.

The completed study detailing these findings can be found in the journal Communications Physics. Keep informed on groundbreaking scientific progress by signing up for newsletters or exploring apps like EarthSnap for updates on cutting-edge research.

Quantum Computing and Communication: An Industry on the Precipice of Revolution

The recent breakthrough at the University of Waterloos Institute for Quantum Computing marks a significant milestone in the industry, which is poised for exponential growth. Quantum computing and communication are sectors that have been capturing the imagination of researchers and investors alike, leading to a burgeoning industry with profound implications for fields ranging from cryptography to complex problem solving.

Research such as that performed at the IQC is fueling advancements in quantum key distribution (QKD), a method for secure communication that uses quantum mechanics to encrypt and transmit data over long distances. This has vast potential for defense, banking, and any sector where data security is paramount.

Market Forecasts and Economic Implications

The global market for quantum computing is expected to reach multi-billion-dollar valuations in the coming decade, with a compound annual growth rate that outpaces most traditional sectors. Ongoing research and development efforts are key drivers of this growth. The anticipation of commercially viable quantum computers and secure quantum communication systems is already influencing strategic investments from governments and private entities worldwide.

Issues Facing the Quantum Industry

Despite the optimism, the quantum industry faces several significant challenges. For one, maintaining quantum coherence over long periods and distances raises technical and environmental barriers. Additionally, integrating quantum technologies with existing communication networks remains a complex issue. Moreover, there is an ongoing need for developing a workforce skilled in quantum mechanics and related technologies.

Addressing these issues is vital for the advancement of quantum technologies, which are still largely in the research and development stage. The future of the industry will likely be shaped by collaborations between academic institutions and industry leaders to innovate and overcome these obstacles.

Keep an eye on the latest trends and breakthroughs in this dynamic field by following authoritative sources. Notable entities in this sector include the Institute for Quantum Computing and other leading research institutions paving the way for the next generation of quantum technologies.

To understand the broader scope of the impact of quantum technologies and stay updated on cutting-edge advancements, one might consider subscribing to newsletters or utilizing educational platforms. Notifications from apps like EarthSnap and other innovation-focused resources can be invaluable for keeping abreast of the latest developments in this rapidly evolving industry.

Jerzy Lewandowski, a visionary in the realm of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies, has made significant contributions to the field with his pioneering research and innovative designs. His work primarily focuses on enhancing user experience and interaction within virtual environments, pushing the boundaries of immersive technology. Lewandowskis groundbreaking projects have gained recognition for their ability to merge the digital and physical worlds, offering new possibilities in gaming, education, and professional training. His expertise and forward-thinking approach mark him as a key influencer in shaping the future of virtual and augmented reality applications.

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Next-Generation Quantum Leap Achieved at Waterloo's IQC - yTech

BOTHELLMaryland-based quantum computing company IonQ celebrated the grand opening of its new 105,000 square foot building in Bothell on Thursday, February 15. This is the very first known dedicated quantum computing manufacturing facility in the United States and the latest, and greatest, next chapter for Snohomish County innovation and industry.

The new facility will house IonQs growing R&D manufacturing teams where about 80 employees are currently working as of now. Bothell was the chosen location of the companys West Coast expansion due to its proximity to several software, aerospace, and tech companies that could utilize its services.

The Seattle area obviously has a huge history of leadership in classical computing, with companies like Microsoft, and Amazon, but also Boeing and many others. So, it has a great DNA for technology but also manufacturing, said Peter Champan, IonQ CEO. Thats really the two things that we pull into manufacturing quantum computers. Its great to have a highly skilled and highly educated work force to pull from.

The State of Washington has the highest state concentration of tech workers in the country with about 350,000 jobs as of 2023, according to Sen. Maria Cantwells Office. The state also employs the highest number of people in emerging technology jobs such as artificial intelligence and quantum. Just recently GeekWire reported that Seattle was found to be the top city in the country for hiring elite software engineers, and one of the top cities in the world for this level of talent.

IonQ is a leader in quantum computing with the mission statement to build the worlds best quantum computers to solve the worlds most complex problems. Quantum computers are a revolutionary technology that has the potential to change how many businesses including artificial intelligence, security, pharmaceutical companies, aerospace, and more conduct its operations.

Unlike a conventional computer, which uses binary bits (typically ones and zeros) as its unit of information, quantum computers operate at a subatomic level, trapping atoms out of the atmosphere and, with specialized lasers, manipulates particles (such as photons and electrons) to use whats called a quantum bit (or qubit) to allow the particles to exist in more than one state at one time. What this means for computer performance is essentially an upgrade in every way from data to performance time, to solving complex problems.

While quantum computing is a still-developing technology, if successful, this enormous amount of information can help tackle some of the worlds biggest challenges, from fighting diseases to developing better sustainable energy.

At Thursdays ceremony Senator Maria Cantwell, a lead negotiator behind the 2022 CHIPS and Science Act and chair of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, took to the podium to share a few words before several teams were led through the facility to see firsthand how these miraculous machines are made.

The quantum computing industry has the potential to add thousands of new jobs here in the Pacific Northwest jobs at all skill levels, from technicians to software developers, said Sen. Cantwell. Our region is already known worldwide for our innovation and leadership. And this facility will continue to build on that We are becoming the Quantum Valley, if you will, of the United States.

Sen. Cantwell has been working hard to help industry and academia translate ideas developed in a lab into products and solutions for the American people. She helped authorize $20 billion for a new Tech Directorate program at the National Science Foundation to focus on translational science in 10 key developing areas, including quantum technology.

Also in attendance at Thursdays event was Snohomish County Executive Dave Somers, members of the Swiss embassy, and officials representing Microsoft and Amazon.

IonQ has pumped in around $20 million to its Bothell facility to upgrade its infrastructure within the last year. As of now, half of the buildingits lower levelhas been fully completed and is already undergoing manufacturing with the other half still under construction. Once completed the company will have gone from 6,500 square feet, working with just a handful of employees, to over 100,000 square feet with eventual plans to bring its data center from Maryland to Bothell in Snohomish County.

Founded in 2015 by quantum physicists Chris Monroe and Jungsang Kim, after 25 years of academic research and $1 million in seed funds from New Enterprise Associate, IonQ was able to raise $20 million from GV, Amazon Web Services, and NEA to build two of the worlds most accurate quantum computers. In 2019 the company began offering their quantum computers available via the cloud, through a partnership with Microsoft and Amazon Web Services.

In 2020 and 2021, IonQ built additional generations of high-performance quantum hardware, added Google Cloud Marketplace to its cloud partner roster and announced a series of collaborations and business partnerships with leading academic and commercial institutions.

On October 1st, 2021, IonQ began trading as IONQ on the New York Stock Exchange, making it the worlds first public pure-play quantum computing company.

Its quantum computer products include the Forte Enterprise, the Forte, the IonQ Aria, the IonQ Harmony, and the still in development AQ 64 IonQ Tempo which will have faster gate speeds, mid-circuit measurement, and 99.9% fidelity, all helping to unlock larger and more complex problem classes and deliver a faster time-to-solution, the company says.

Peter Champan, CEO of IonQ, shared that in the upcoming year, IonQ will have invested close to $80 million into the Seattle area which will hit close to the companys promise of investing $1 billion over the next 10 years.

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Snohomish County on its way to becoming the 'Quantum Valley' of the West - Lynnwood Times