He risked his neck. When Edward Snowden chose to expose the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA)'s mass surveillance Leviathan, and that of its British counterpart, GCHQ, 10 years ago, he put his life on the line. And he has always declared he has never regretted it.

But years after his act of extraordinary courage, the Snowden archive remains largely unpublished. He trusted in journalists to decide what to publish. In an article published in June 2023, by Guardian Pulitzer prize winner Ewen MacAskill - who flew to Hong Kong with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras to meet Edward Snowden - McAskill confirmed that most of the archive has not been made public. "In the end, we published only about 1 percent of the document, he wrote.

What does the 99 percent of the Snowden archive contain? A decade on, it remains shrouded in secrecy.

A doctoral thesis by American investigative journalist and post-doctoral researcher Jacob Appelbaum has now revealed unpublished information from the Snowden archive. These revelations go back to a decade but they remain of indisputable public interest:

These revelations have surfaced for the first time thanks to a doctoral thesis authored by Appelbaum towards earning a degree in applied cryptography from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands.

Titled "Communication in a world of pervasive surveillance", it is a public document and has been downloaded over 18,000 times since March 2022 when it was first published.

Appelbaum's work, supervised by professors Tanja Lange and Daniel J. Bernstein, is among the top ten most popular Ph.D. theses at the Eindhoven University.

When we asked whether the U.S. authorities had contacted the Eindhoven University of Technology to object to the publication of some of the revelations from the Snowden files, a university spokesperson replied that they had not.

In 2013, Jacob Appelbaum published a remarkable scoop for Der Spiegel, revealing that the NSA had spied on Angela Merkel's mobile phone. This scoop won him the highest journalistic award in Germany, the Nannen prize (later known as the Stern Award).

Nevertheless, his work on the NSA revelations and his advocacy for Julian Assange and WikiLeaks and for high-profile whistleblowers has put him in a precarious condition. As a result of this he has resettled in Berlin, where he has spent the last decade.

In June 2020, when the United States issued a second superseding indictment against Julian Assange, it was clear that Appelbaum's concerns were not a matter of paranoia; the indictment criminalizes political speeches given by Assange as well as by former WikiLeaks journalist Sarah Harrison and by Jacob Appelbaum himself, identified under the codename "WLA-3".

Public speeches made by Appelbaum taking a humorous and provocative tone and with titles like Sysadmins of the World, Unite! were interpreted as an attempt to recruit sources and as incitement to steal classified documents. To this day, however, there are no publicly-known charges against Appelbaum or Harrison.

We asked Jacob Appelbaum, currently a post-doctoral researcher at the Eindhoven University of Technology, why he chose to publish those revelations in a technically written thesis rather than a mass-circulation newspaper.

"As an academic", he replied, "I see that the details included are in the public interest, and highly relevant for the topic covered in my thesis, as it covers the topic of large-scale adversaries engaging in targeted and mass surveillance".

One of the most important unpublished revelations from the Snowden archive regards American semiconductor vendor Cavium. According to Appelbaum, the Snowden files list Cavium "as a successful SIGINT enabled CPUs vendor".

"The NSA's successful cryptographic enabling is by definition the introduction of intentional security vulnerabilities that they are then able to exploit, and they do exploit them often in an automated fashion to spy," he said.

"One such method", he added, "is sabotaging a secure random generator".

A random number generator that is unpredictable to everyone "is an essential requirement for meaningful cryptographic security. In most cases, the NSA sabotage happens in a way where the owners, developers, and users are unaware of the sabotage as a core goal".

The purpose of this sabotage is to allow the NSA to breach the security offered by a given company, device and/or other services.

At no point does Appelbaum write or even suggest that Cavium was complicit in these sabotage activities or was aware of them.

The Snowden documents date back to 2013. In 2018, Cavium was acquired by the U.S. company Marvell Technology, one of the two firms which, according to financial services giant J.P. Morgan, will dominate the custom-designed semiconductors market driven by Artificial Intelligence.

We contacted Marvell to ask a series of questions, including whether Cavium's CPUs have basically remained the same in the last decade, and whether it is certain that Cavium CPUs, which according to the 2013 Snowden files were backdoored, are no longer marketed and in use.

We also asked Marvell whether the company conducted any internal investigations after we informed them about Appelbaum's revelation. One of the co-founders of Cavium, Raghib Hussain, is currently one of the presidents of Marvell.

Marvell has not provided answers to our specific questions. Its vice president for Corporate Marketing, Stacey Keegan, said that it did not implement backdoors for any government.

Her statement reads in full:

"Marvell places the highest priority on the security of its products. Marvell does not implement backdoors for any government. Marvell supports a wide variety of protocols and standards including IPsec, SSL, TLS 1.x, DTLS and ECC Suite B.

Marvell also supports a wide variety of standard algorithms including several variants of AES, 3DES, SHA-2, SHA-3, RSA 2048, RSA 4096, RSA 8192, ECC p256/p384/p521, Kasumi, ZUC and SNOW 3G.

All Marvell implementations are based on published security algorithm standards [.] Marvells market leading NITROX family delivers unprecedented performance for security in the enterprise and virtualized cloud data centers.

The NITROX product line is the industry leading security processor family designed into cloud data center servers and networking equipment, enterprise and service provider equipment including servers, Application Delivery Controllers, UTM Gateways WAN Optimization Appliances, routers, and switches".

Appelbaum said that as the new owner of Cavium, Marvell "should conduct a serious and transparent technical security investigation into the matter and make the result available to the public".

He said that he wrote to the company, including to their security response email address, and set this forth in extreme detail, but has never heard back from them.

The two other important and yet unpublished revelations from the Snowden files concern the compromise of foreign government infrastructure by the NSA.

Appelbaum writes in his thesis that the Snowden archive includes largely unpublished internal NSA documents and presentations that discuss targeting and exploiting not only deployed, live interception infrastructure.

The documents also discuss targeting and exploiting the vendors of the hardware and software used to build the infrastructure.

Primarily these documents remain unpublished because the journalists who hold them fear they will be considered disloyal or even that they will be legally punished," he writes.

Appelbaum adds that "Targeting lawful interception (LI) equipment is a known goal of the NSA".

"Unpublished NSA documents specifically list their compromise of the Russian SORM LI infrastructure as an NSA success story of compromising civilian telecommunications infrastructure to spy on targets within reach of the Russian SORM system, he says.

Though Appelbaum did not publish the NSA slides on SORM in his thesis, he reports that they show two Russian officers wearing jackets bearing the slogan: "you talk, we listen".

He says that it is not unreasonable to assume that parts, if not the entire American lawful interception system, known as CALEA, have been compromised.

In his doctoral thesis he says that key European lawful interception systems "have been compromised by NSA and/or GCHQ". Appelbaum said that the Snowden archive contained many named target systems, companies, and other countries that had been impacted.

According to Appelbaum, "compromise" means different things: sometimes it is a matter of technical hacking, others it is a matter of "willful complicity from inside the company by order of some executives after being approached by the NSA.

Woe to those who do not comply immediately, he says.

Some of the most important revelations published from the Snowden archive concerned PRISM, a mass surveillance program which allowed the NSA to access emails, calls, chats, file transfers, web search histories.

The NSA slides claimed that this collection was conducted from the servers of internet giants like Google, Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, AOL, Skype, PalTalk and YouTube, but when the existence of this program was exposed by Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill inThe Guardianand by Laura Poitras and BartonGellmann in theWashington Post, the internet giants denied any knowledge of the program and denied that they had granted direct access to their servers.

Though PRISM was one of the very first revelations from the Snowden archive, Appelbaum reveals that "The PRISM slide deck was not published in full" and "several pages of the PRISM slide list targets and related surveillance data, and a majority of them appear to be a matter of political surveillance rather than defense against terrorism".

He explains that one such example of PRISM's targets being a matter of political surveillance rather than anti-terrorism "shows a suggestion for targeting the Tibetan Government in Exile through their primary domain name".

In 1950 the Peoples Republic of China took control of Tibet and met with considerable resistance from the Tibetan people. In 1959, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama left Tibet to seek political asylum in India, and there was a major exodus of Tibetans into India. The Dalai Lama set up the Tibetan Government in Exile in India and exiled Tibetans have accused China of cruelty and repression for decades.

Appelbaum reveals that the main domain of the Tibetan Government in Exile (tibet.net) "is named as an unconventional example that analysts should be aware of as also falling under the purview of PRISM". He explains that the email domain was "hosted by Google Mail, a PRISM partner, at the time of the slide deck creation and it is currently hosted by Google Mail as of early 2022". At the time of this writing, it still is.

According to him, tibet.net exemplifies the political reality of accepting aid from the United States. The system administrators wanted to be protected from Chinese hacking and surveillance. To fight Chinese surveillance, the technical team opted to host with Google for email and Cloudfare for web hosting. The reason Google appealed to the technical team behind tibet.net was the excellent reputation of Google's security team at that time.

"What was unknown at the time of this decision", Appelbaum explains, "was that Google would, willing or unwillingly, give up the data to the US government in secret. Thus in seeking to prevent surveillance by the Chinese government some of the time when the Chinese government successfully hack their servers, they unknowingly accepted aid that ensured their data will be under surveillance all of the time".

As a result, to fight the well-known devil of Chinese surveillance, the Tibetan Government in Exile put itself in the hands of the NSA.

How many important revelations like these do the unpublished documents still contain? It is impossible to say so long as the archive remains unpublished. It is also unclear how many copies of the full archive remain available and who has access to them.

Appelbaum says,"there was a discussion among many of the journalists who worked on the archive about opening access to the Snowden archive for academics to discuss, study, and of course to publish. This is a reasonable idea and it should happen, as it is clearly in the public interest".

He said it was a terrible day when The Guardian allowed GCHQ to destroy the copy of the archive in the United Kingdom. However, according to Ewen MacAskill's reporting in The Atlantic, "A copy of the Snowden documents remains locked in an office at the Times, as far as I know".

According to Jacob Appelbaum, The Intercept - the media outlet co-founded by Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras to publish the Snowden files - is no longer in possession of the documents. "I was informed that they destroyed their copy of the archive", Appelbaum tells us.

In 2013, the author of this article worked with Glenn Greenwald on the Snowden files regarding Italy, publishing all the documents that Greenwald shared with us in her newspaper at the time, the Italian newsmagazinel'Espresso.

After that journalistic work, we were contacted again to work on additional files, but unfortunately after some preliminary contacts, we never heard fromThe Intercept staff again. All of our attempts to work on the files came to nothing, though we never learned what the problem was.

We asked the Intercept whether the publication is still in possession of the Snowden file. A spokesperson replied: "The Intercept does not discuss confidential newsgathering materials".

Appelbaum is highly critical of those who destroyed the Snowden files: "Even if the privacy violating intercepts are excluded from publication, there is an entire parallel history in that archive".

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New revelations from the Snowden archive surface - ComputerWeekly.com

Microsoft AI researchers accidentally exposed tens of terabytes of sensitive data, including private keys and passwords, while publishing a storage bucket of open source training data on GitHub. From a report: In research shared with TechCrunch, cloud security startup Wiz said it discovered a GitHub repository belonging to Microsoft's AI research division as part of its ongoing work into the accidental exposure of cloud-hosted data. Readers of the GitHub repository, which provided open source code and AI models for image recognition, were instructed to download the models from an Azure Storage URL. However, Wiz found that this URL was configured to grant permissions on the entire storage account, exposing additional private data by mistake. This data included 38 terabytes of sensitive information, including the personal backups of two Microsoft employees' personal computers. The data also contained other sensitive personal data, including passwords to Microsoft services, secret keys and more than 30,000 internal Microsoft Teams messages from hundreds of Microsoft employees.

Read the original here:
Microsoft AI Researchers Accidentally Exposed Terabytes of Internal ... - Slashdot

Give a nod to marketers. When it comes to the cloud, they have helped shape how we think of this technology, almost as a magic solution to any server or data hosting scenario. Of course, the cloud often delivers on such claims. In many cases, it does provide a better alternative to traditional systems.

But cloud marketing did too good a job. The cloud doesnt solve every IT problem, says Bryce Tatham, GM: business development at Sithabile Technology Services.

The cloud era has been great for many reasons, but its also enlightened us about the complex and bespoke side of technology. By that, I mean the principle that you have to look at business requirements first. If you do that wrong, technology becomes very expensive and underwhelming. For a while, the cloud looked like a way to sidestep those issues. But instead, it reminds us that nuance is very important, because otherwise your problems actually become bigger.

Backups are a prime example. On paper, you should throw all your backups into the cloud. Its cheaper, more accessible, and you dont need to own or run the underlying infrastructure.

But reality disagrees: cloud data costs can skyrocket, especially when moving data away from a public cloud; accessibility is dampened by latency; the higher reliance on external networks creates cybercrime risks; and, sometimes, you want to have a hand in the systems that run your data.

Of course, these risks can be managed. Cloud backups are great. But on-premises backups also have their advantages. It depends on what the business needs.

Cloud versus on-premise

Before comparing the two options, its important to qualify them. Cloud backups typically mean using a public cloud provider, and on-premise backups can be at a business but also in a third-party data centre, often using private cloud technology controlled by the business.

The substantial difference between cloud and on-premise is not about new versus traditional, says Tatham. They tend to use the same modern backup technologies. The difference is about the backup strategy, cost, access, skills, and legislation.

These five topics provide the best way to grasp backup options.

* Backup strategy Not all data is the same. Some can languish in archives while other data needs to be always available. This difference informs the backup strategy. In some circumstances, on-premise recoveries are faster, but the cloud is faster in other events. For example, a remote site with its own servers is likely better than one relying on the cloud. However, data used by employee SaaS applications works best with cloud backups.

* Cost How much to pay for backups again depends on the type of data and its access requirements. Cloud storage can seem cheaper, but its costs can become complex and hard to control. Nor is it best practice to store cold archives of data in the public cloud its often cheaper to use local tape storage. Yet on-premise storage has additional skills and infrastructure costs, though those can be balanced through the value of access.

* Access Data is not much use if there isnt timely access. Again, there is no clear winner about which option is faster. Moving large volumes of data to or from a public cloud data centre abroad can cause delays, yet using local public cloud servers is faster. That being said, one must ensure the correct data is on the right servers. On-premise and private cloud systems dont have this issue, though that flexibility often has higher infrastructure costs.

* Skills Since public cloud systems are from third parties, most companies that use those for backups work with partners and their skilled employeesa significant cost saving, though it also means heavy reliance on third parties. On-premise systems require in-house skills, which can be expensive. Again, it depends on the business needs. Smaller companies tend to prefer the cloud, while larger companies blend the two options.

* Legislation Regulations govern some data types to protect personal information, safeguard tax records, or cover various other legal requirements based on a companys size, sector and geographic operations. On-premise data backups provide a level of control to manage legal risks. Public cloud services can cater for legislation, but its a complicated exercise and requires close reading of service contracts covering liabilities.

Companies often opt for a hybrid backup strategy that blends different public cloud and on-premise options. This is the mature approach: those organisations looked at their requirements and chose appropriate backup locations for different data needs.

Related

Original post:
Do backups belong in the cloud or on-premise? - IT-Online

Artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing are both popular buzzwords generally referred to as separate concepts without considering the potential for interplay and interconnectedness between the two technologies. Companies could benefit from incorporating cloud computing functionality into their AI operations. For example, AI algorithms can be trained and deployed on a far greater capacity using cloud computing rather than on local servers. Cloud-based AI can also process vast quantities of data through cloud computing infrastructure. This article explores the potential for synergy between cloud computing and AI algorithms while identifying the dissonance that might occur as a result of the collaboration.

The synergy between AI and cloud computing

Cloud-computing and AI tools are individually relied on as technological developments that have provided convenience to users and, to some extent, have disrupted existing industries. When combining the two, the company may experience the following benefits:

The dissonance between AI and the Cloud

As with all technological developments and tools, there are various risks associated with the use of cloud-based AI, which includes (without limitation) the following:

Cloud-based AI provides an opportunity to significantly enhance a company's AI capabilities and companies that are first to embrace cloud-based AI could obtain a competitive advantage when doing so. However, these advantages may only be realised when a company has carefully considered the cloud marketplace, engaged in vendor due diligence processes, and entered favourable cloud service agreements. failure to maintain proper vigilance over this process could lead to hidden expenses that may outweigh the benefits of cloud-based AI. It is essential to have legal support during this process to ensure that your risk exposure is reduced or mitigated.

More:
AI and cloud computing: A symbiotic relationship or a hostile ... - Lexology

What Is Cloud Networking? Definition, Types & Benefits Forbes Advisor

Leeron is a New York-based writer with experience covering technology and politics. Her work has appeared in publications such as Quartz, the Village Voice, Gothamist, and Slate.

For over 15 years, Kiran has served as an editor, writer and reporter for publications covering fields including advertising, technology, business, entertainment and new media.He has served as a reporter for AdAge/Creativity and spent several years as an edito and writer at Adweek. Along the way, he has also served in managing editor roles at the likes of PSFK and Ladders, worked in PR as a director of content, and most recently served as a Senior Editor at Dotdash Meredith for personal finance brand The Balance and then Entertainment Weekly. At Forbes Advisor, Kiran brings his experience and expertise to reinforce the brand's reputation as the most informative, accessible and trusted resource in small business.

Leeron is a New York-based writer with experience covering technology and politics. Her work has appeared in publications such as Quartz, the Village Voice, Gothamist, and Slate.

For over 15 years, Kiran has served as an editor, writer and reporter for publications covering fields including advertising, technology, business, entertainment and new media.He has served as a reporter for AdAge/Creativity and spent several years as an edito and writer at Adweek. Along the way, he has also served in managing editor roles at the likes of PSFK and Ladders, worked in PR as a director of content, and most recently served as a Senior Editor at Dotdash Meredith for personal finance brand The Balance and then Entertainment Weekly. At Forbes Advisor, Kiran brings his experience and expertise to reinforce the brand's reputation as the most informative, accessible and trusted resource in small business.

Contributor, Editor

Matt is a proven leader in IT, combining a masters degree in Management Information Systems and solid experience with a proven track record in IT, leading business initiatives to help organizations meet their goals. He has led the security practices at 2 different MSPs, been a Health IT Director, a project manager, business analyst, system administrator, systems architect...if it has to do with IT, he's probably done it. He helped author the CMMC Certified Professional and CMMC Certified Assessor field guides and has spoken at conferences all over the country regarding CMMC, IT security, risk. Matt has worked with Fortune 500 companies and small businesses, in areas ranging from engineering to marketing and supply chain to health care.

Matt is a proven leader in IT, combining a masters degree in Management Information Systems and solid experience with a proven track record in IT, leading business initiatives to help organizations meet their goals. He has led the security practices at 2 different MSPs, been a Health IT Director, a project manager, business analyst, system administrator, systems architect...if it has to do with IT, he's probably done it. He helped author the CMMC Certified Professional and CMMC Certified Assessor field guides and has spoken at conferences all over the country regarding CMMC, IT security, risk. Matt has worked with Fortune 500 companies and small businesses, in areas ranging from engineering to marketing and supply chain to health care.

Published: Sep 13, 2023, 12:00pm

Editorial Note: We earn a commission from partner links on Forbes Advisor. Commissions do not affect our editors' opinions or evaluations.

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These days almost every business relies on the cloud to some capacity. Cloud networking is scalable and flexible. It allows organizations to increase their infrastructure according to changing demands. Cloud networking also saves costs, as companies only pay for the services they use as they go. This article covers the terms cloud networking and cloud computing, the various types and the benefits of this technology for small and medium businesses.

Cloud networking is an element of cloud computing and refers to the way the networking infrastructure works within it.

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way companies run, making it easier, faster and cheaper to complete functions that previously required a company to have its own data center. Almost every type of business today uses cloud computing for a wide range of purposes, including data backup, email and customer-facing web applications.

Cloud computing refers to the on-demand delivery of IT products online, which enables businesses to access databases, power and storage through the cloud, instead of through a physical data center. Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services (AWS) are the two main cloud service providers.

Examples of cloud services include:

Cloud networking capabilities are provided by the cloud service providers.

There are various types of cloud networking. Here are the main ones:

A public cloud means that the servers are being shared by other people. You might think of a public cloud as similar to a public swimming pool. This type of cloud is adjustable to different capacities of a companys IT department. Multiple users may be using a public cloud but will all be able to benefit from the service.

While a public cloud is like sharing a pool, a virtual private cloud (VPC) is more like putting a rope around the pool and creating a private area. Companies can choose to build their own private cloud within a public cloud. Increased security is the main reason a company would choose a VPC.

Hybrid cloud refers to the combination of public clouds and VPCs. The term hybrid cloud network is also used to refer to the connection between a physical data center and a public cloud.

The term multicloud refers to using more than one cloud provider. For example, a company might choose to use services both from AWS and Microsoft Azure. While they both offer cloud computing, they do have differences. A company may find the differences between the two providers make it worth it to use both.

All sorts of businesses use cloud networking for a range of reasons. The capabilities are endless and the use of cloud networks is only expected to grow in the coming years. Essentially, the cloud gives companies capabilities, storage and infrastructure to build and develop in a way that was not previously possible.

Small and medium businesses from a wide range of industries are able to benefit from the use of cloud networking. Here are a few examples of how cloud networking can be used:

Cloud computing refers to delivering cloud services over the internet and the on-demand delivery of IT products online, which enables businesses to access databases, power and storage through the cloud. Cloud networking refers to the connection between the different devices required for cloud computing. Though these terms are distinct, they are often used interchangeably.

There are countless benefits to using cloud technology. The main benefits of cloud networking include:

The first steps to creating a cloud network include familiarizing yourself with cloud networking concepts, developing a network architecture plan and choosing a cloud provider. Amazon Web Services and Azure are the two most popular providers. Youll want to consult with the cloud provider for a full set of instructions on how to create a cloud network. Amazon Web Services has extensive online video tutorials that can help with the process.

Cloud technology has revolutionized the way companies run. The cloud has opened up endless possibilities for small and medium businesses, making it faster and more affordable to fulfill tasks, scale, keep track of large sets of data and communicate and collaborate remotely. Almost every type of business uses cloud computing today, from working on shared documents that are stored on the cloud, to hosting customer-facing web applications. There are many benefits of cloud networking, including scalability, flexibility, mobility and reduced operating costs.

There are plenty of reasons to use cloud networking and these days almost every business relies on the cloud to some capacity. Cloud networking is scalable and flexible. It allows organizations to increase their infrastructure according to changing demands. Cloud networking also saves costs, as companies only pay for the services they use as they go. In addition, cloud networking also offers increased security for businesses that dont have the capacity to run an entire cybersecurity team in-house.

The Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) of Amazon Web Services (AWS) is an example of a cloud network. AWS VPC enables users to create a private cloud within the AWS cloud, which increases the security.

The first steps to creating a cloud network include familiarizing yourself with cloud networking concepts, developing a network architecture plan and choosing a cloud provider. Amazon Web Services and Azure are the two most popular providers. Youll want to consult with the cloud provider for a full set of instructions on how to create a cloud network. Amazon Web Services has extensive online video tutorials that can help with the process.

Because almost every company today uses cloud computing, expertise in cloud technologies is in high demand. There are plenty of career paths to choose from in this field such as cloud architect, cloud engineer, cloud consultant and DevOps engineer. These jobs are intellectually challenging and offer high earning potential in a field with growing demand.

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Forbes Advisor adheres to strict editorial integrity standards. To the best of our knowledge, all content is accurate as of the date posted, though offers contained herein may no longer be available. The opinions expressed are the authors alone and have not been provided, approved, or otherwise endorsed by our partners.

Leeron is a New York-based writer with experience covering technology and politics. Her work has appeared in publications such as Quartz, the Village Voice, Gothamist, and Slate.

For over 15 years, Kiran has served as an editor, writer and reporter for publications covering fields including advertising, technology, business, entertainment and new media.He has served as a reporter for AdAge/Creativity and spent several years as an edito and writer at Adweek. Along the way, he has also served in managing editor roles at the likes of PSFK and Ladders, worked in PR as a director of content, and most recently served as a Senior Editor at Dotdash Meredith for personal finance brand The Balance and then Entertainment Weekly. At Forbes Advisor, Kiran brings his experience and expertise to reinforce the brand's reputation as the most informative, accessible and trusted resource in small business.

Matt is a proven leader in IT, combining a masters degree in Management Information Systems and solid experience with a proven track record in IT, leading business initiatives to help organizations meet their goals. He has led the security practices at 2 different MSPs, been a Health IT Director, a project manager, business analyst, system administrator, systems architect...if it has to do with IT, he's probably done it. He helped author the CMMC Certified Professional and CMMC Certified Assessor field guides and has spoken at conferences all over the country regarding CMMC, IT security, risk. Matt has worked with Fortune 500 companies and small businesses, in areas ranging from engineering to marketing and supply chain to health care.

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