Bitcoin Kod ISO 4217 XBT, BTC uywane potocznie[1] Pastwo niezalena od kraju, ponadnarodowa Poziom inflacji prawdopodobny brak inflacji. Ustalenie sztywnego ograniczenia liczby na 21 mln sztuk wywiera presj deflacyjn[2] Podzia 100 000 000 satoshi = 1 bitcoin 1mBTC = 0,001BTC = 103BTC 1BTC = 0,000001BTC = 106BTC Symbol BTC, XBT[3], , [4] Bank centralny brak Mennica brak, zdecentralizowana, rozproszona
Bitcoin kryptowaluta, wprowadzona w 2009 roku przez osob (bd grup osb) o pseudonimie Satoshi Nakamoto[2]. Nazwa odnosi si take do uywajcego jej otwartordowego oprogramowania oraz sieci peer-to-peer, ktr formuje. Bitmonety mog zosta zapisane na komputerze osobistym w formie pliku portfela lub przetrzymywane w prowadzonym przez osoby trzecie zewntrznym serwisie zajmujcym si przechowywaniem takich portfeli. W kadym z tych przypadkw bitcoiny mog zosta przesane do innej osoby przez Internet do dowolnego posiadacza adresu bitcoin. Kady bitcoin dzieli si na 100000000 mniejszych jednostek, zwanych czasem satoshi.
Odmiennie ni w przypadku wikszoci walut, bitcoin nie opiera si na zaufaniu wzgldem emitenta centralnego. Bitcoin uywa zdecentralizowanej bazy danych, rozprowadzonej pomidzy wzami sieci peer-to-peer do przechowywania transakcji, oraz kryptografii w celu zapewnienia podstawowych funkcji bezpieczestwa, takich jak upewnienie si, e bitcoiny mog by wydane tylko raz przez osob, ktra je posiada w danym momencie.
Topologia peer-to-peer sieci bitcoin oraz brak administracji centralnej czyni manipulacj wartoci bitmonet poprzez produkcj wikszej ich iloci niewykonaln dla jakiejkolwiek rzdowej czy innej organizacji lub jednostki, nadal moliwa jest jednak baka spekulacyjna[5][6]. Budowa bitcoina pozwala na anonimowe posiadanie wasnoci oraz jej transfery.
Bitcoin jest jedn z pierwszych implementacji konceptu zwanego kryptowalut, pierwszy raz opisanego w 1998 r. przez Wei Daia na licie mailingowej cypherpunkw[7].
Bitcoin opiera si na transferze kwot midzy rachunkami publicznymi, przy uyciu kryptografii klucza publicznego. Wszystkie transakcje s publiczne i przechowywane w rozproszonej bazie danych. W celu zapobieenia podwjnemu wydawaniu, sie implementuje rodzaj rozproszonego serwera czasowego, uywajc koncepcji acuchowych dowodw matematycznych wykonanych dziaa (tzw. Proof of Work, w skrcie PoW). Dlatego te caa historia transakcji musi by przechowywana w bazie, a w celu ograniczenia rozmiaru magazynu uywane jest drzewo funkcji skrtu.
Bitcoin jest implementacj konceptu b-money autorstwa Wei Daia oraz Bitgold autorstwa Nicka Szabo, opart na sieci P2P. Zasady funkcjonowania systemu s opisane w specyfikacji technicznej stworzonej i opublikowanej w 2008 roku przez Satoshiego Nakamoto[2][8].
Kada osoba uczestniczca w sieci bitcoin ma portfel zawierajcy dowoln liczb par kluczy kryptograficznych. Klucze publiczne, zwane te adresami bitcoin, dziaaj jako miejsce rdowe oraz miejsce docelowe dla wszystkich patnoci. Odpowiadajce im prywatne klucze autoryzuj patnoci tylko dla posiadajcego je uytkownika. Adresy nie zawieraj adnej informacji na temat ich waciciela i s zazwyczaj anonimowe[9].
Adresy, w atwej do odczytania przez czowieka formie, s cigami tekstowymi, skadajcymi si z liczb i liter o dugoci okoo 34 znakw w formie zblionej do 1rYK1YzEGa59pI314159KUF2Za4jAYYTd. Rozpoczynaj si zawsze od liczby 1 lub 3, zawieraj wielkie i mae litery oraz cyfry alfabetu aciskiego z wykluczeniem: cyfry 0, wielkiej litery O, wielkiej litery I i maej litery l. Uytkownicy bitcoina mog posiada wiele adresw, a waciwie mog generowa nowe adresy bez adnych ogranicze, poniewa generowanie nowego adresu jest relatywnie natychmiastowe, rwne wygenerowaniu nowej pary kluczy prywatnego/publicznego oraz nie wymaga kontaktu z reszt sieci. Jest take wykorzystywany do jednoznacznej identyfikacji zapaty za towar poprzez tworzenie unikalnego adresu bitcoin dla kadej transakcji, poniewa obecnie sie nie dopuszcza tytuu przelewu znanego z tradycyjnych form przekazu. Tworzenie jednorazowych adresw wykorzystywanych do pojedynczego celu moe te pomc w zachowaniu anonimowoci uytkownika.
Bitmonety zawieraj klucz publiczny (adres) aktualnego posiadacza. Kiedy uytkownik A przetransferuje jak ilo do uytkownika B, A rezygnuje z ich posiadania, dodajc klucz publiczny (adres) B do tych monet oraz podpisujc je wasnym kluczem prywatnym[10]. Nastpnie ogasza wykonan przez siebie transakcj w komunikacie wysanym do sieci peer-to-peer. Reszta sieci sprawdza poprawno zastosowanych w transakcji podpisw cyfrowych oraz iloci monet przed jej zaakceptowaniem.
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